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anatomy & physiology > semester 2 final > Flashcards

semester 2 final Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissues in muscle

A
  • epimysium (dense irregular)
  • perimysium (dense irregular)
  • endomysium (areolar)
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2
Q

types of muscle cells

A

cardiac- interclated discs, striated
skeletal- striated, multiple nuclei
smooth- spindle, single nucleus

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3
Q

insertion vs origen

A

insertion moves

origin doesnt move

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4
Q

process of muscle contraction

A

-axon terminal
ach in synaptic cleft
-ach creates action potential when reached the muscle
-ach is broken down
- action potention travels through the sarcolemma and t tubules
-action potential goes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-calcium is released to the tropinin
-actin binding site opens
-power stroke and actin connects with the myosin
-muscle contracts
-calcium leaves
-unlatch
-actin retracts

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5
Q

tropinin/ crossbridge

A

tropinin- actin binding cite

crossbridge- myosin binding cite

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6
Q

atrophy

A

-shrinking of cells after less usage

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7
Q

hypotrophy

A

-adipose/ muscle cells increase in size and amount

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8
Q

rigor mortis

A
  • recognizable signs of death
  • chemical changes in the muscles after death
  • causes limbs to stiffen
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9
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover

- ex- flexing- bicep brachii

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10
Q

antagonist

A
  • the relaxing muscle

- ex- flexing- tricep brachii

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11
Q

synergist

A

-helper muscle in movement

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12
Q

gastroenterology

A

study of the digestive system

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13
Q

proctology

A

study of the anus and rectum

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14
Q

function of GI tract

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • defication ( excretion of waste)
  • mixing and movement of foods and waste
  • absorption of nutrients and water
  • secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
  • I PLAY DUNGEONS AND DRAGONS
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15
Q

major organs

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small/ large intestines
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16
Q

accessory organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary gland
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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17
Q

layers of the GI tract

A

(superficial to deep)

  • serosa (viseral peritoneum, serus membrane)
  • muscularis externa (smooth muscle)
  • submucosa (aereolar connective)
  • mucosa (secretes mucus, non ciliated simple columnar, microvilli)
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18
Q

mesentery

A
  • fold of the peritoneum

- attaches to the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, etc

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19
Q

mesocolon

A
  • broad, mesofold of peritoneum

- connects transverse colon to the posterior wall of abdomen

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20
Q

mouth function

A
  • salivary glands
  • amylase break down STARCHES (carbohydrates)
  • lubrication of food
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21
Q

order of teeth

A
  • central incisor
  • lateral incisor
  • canine
  • first bicuspid (premolar)
  • second bicuspid (premolar)
  • first molar
  • second molar
  • third molar (wisdom teeth)
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22
Q

layers of the tooth

A

(superficial to deep)

  • enamel
  • dentin
  • pulp cavity
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23
Q

gingival

A
  • gums that are tender, soft, red, and bleed easily

- cured by good dental hygiene practices

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24
Q

uvula

A
  • thing at back of throat
  • used to guide food and water to pharynx
  • induces gag reflex
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25
Q

pharynx and esophagus function

A
  • passageway for food

- no special functions

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26
Q

peristalsis

A
  • series of wave-like muscle contractions

- moves food

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27
Q

stomach function

A
  • when empty, the lining folds up into little rides (rugae)
  • walls contract and stretch to mash the boluses into paste (chyme) (churning)
  • releases GASTRIC ENZYMES and acids
  • breaks down PROTEIN
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28
Q

parts of the stomach

A
  • cardiac sphincter
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
  • pyloric sphincter
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29
Q

pancreas

A
  • attached to duodenum

- secretes hormones and enzymes through the pancreatic duct

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30
Q

liver

A
  • creates bile

- bile secreted through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum

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31
Q

gall bladder

A
  • stores bile
  • inside the liver
  • secretes bile through the cystic duct to the bile duct
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32
Q

small intestine function

A
  • where most digestion occurs
  • 20 feet long
  • breaking down of FATS
  • ENZYMES AND CHEMICALS secreted by the pancreas, liver, and intestines
  • contain many folds (plica) that are lined with VILLI (absorbs nutrients from chyme)
  • nutrients are passed into the blood and lymph system
  • segmentation
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33
Q

parts of the small intestine

A
  • pyloric sphincter
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ilium
  • iliocecal sphincter
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34
Q

large intestine function

A
  • final removal of FLUIDS
  • chyme turns to feces
  • contains harmless bacteria (aids in productions of vitamin K)
  • haustral churning
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35
Q

parts of the large intestine

A
  • iliocecal sphincter
  • cecum
  • colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
  • sigmoid
  • rectum
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36
Q

appendix

A
  • located at the ilieocecal sphincter

- function is unknown

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37
Q

path of blood through the heart

A
  • inferior and superior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary artery
  • lungs/ capillary beds
  • pulmonary viens
  • left atrium
  • mitral valve
  • left ventrical
  • aortic valve
  • aortic arch
  • aortic artery
  • systemic artery
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38
Q

chamber of the heart with the thickest wall

A
  • myocardium in the left ventricle

- it pushes out blood from the heart and into the rest of the body through the systemic pump

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39
Q

conduction system of heart

A

no neurotransmitters-starts its own heart beat
1. sinoatrial node (SA node)-located in wall of right atrium-pacemaker
2. atrioventricular node (AV node)-located at junction between atria and ventricles-inter atria septum
delay occours and wats for ventricles to fill/valves to close
3. AV bundle (bundle of his)-located in interventricular septum
4. bundle branches
5. purkinije fibers

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40
Q

asystole

A

-flatline

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41
Q

systole

A

-contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
-ventricles
pushes blood out
-systolic pressure-top number in blood pressure-force using to pump out of hear-120

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42
Q

diastole

A
  • part of the cardiac cycle when the heart refills with blood following systole
  • lets blood in to be reoxgynated
  • dystolic pressure-bottom number in blood pressure-force when relaxing-80
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43
Q

cardiac output

A
  • volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
  • multiply the amount released in one heart beat and multiply the amount of times the heart beats a minute
  • average: 4900 mL/minute
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44
Q

factors of a raising heart rate

A
  • excersize
  • standing up to quickly
  • eating lots of food
  • heavy breathing
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45
Q

risk factors of heart disease

A
  • high blood pressure
  • cholesterol
  • overweight/obesity
  • tobacco use
  • lack of physical activity
  • diabetes
46
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of the arteries

47
Q

congestive heart failure

A

-condition in which the heart’s function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body’s needs

48
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • heart attack
  • artery or vein is blocked
  • a portion of the heart is starved of oxygen
  • tissue of heart muscle dies
49
Q

epicardium

A
  • visceral pericardium
  • outer surface
  • tissues-exposed
  • mesothelium and loose areolar
50
Q

myocardium

A

-muscular wall
-pumps blood
-thickest
-forms atria and ventricles
cardiac mucle

51
Q

endocardium

A
  • blood comes in contact with
  • inner surface
  • heart valves
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • continuous with endothelium of attached great vessles
52
Q

lub dub

A

lub-closure of AV valves
beginning of ventricular systole

dub-closure of semilunar valves
end of ventricular systole

opens due to pressure, close to prevent backflow
work opposite-one open when other closed

53
Q

role of the liver in blood

A

destruction and recycling of RBCs

54
Q

arteries

A
  • away from heart
  • highest pressure
  • splits into arterioles
  • thick
  • smaller lumen
  • no valves
55
Q

capillaries

A
  • in organs
  • difusion takes place
  • blood and interestital fluid-gas exchange
56
Q

viens

A
  • venules
  • larger veins-return blood to heart
  • thin walls
  • collapse when contract
  • valves (low pressure and prevents backflow)(against gravity)
57
Q

intubation

A
  • placement of a flexible plastic tube
  • in the trachea
  • maintain an open airway or administer drugs
58
Q

tracheostomy

A

-an incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing

59
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A
  • “abdominal thrusts”

- pushing air to generate a cough to dislodge the object

60
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

-breathing

61
Q

glottis

A
  • part of the larynx
  • contains the vocal cords
  • covers the trachea
62
Q

internal respiration

A
  • systemic

- transfer of gas between cells and blood

63
Q

external respiration

A
  • transfer of gas between organs and the outside

- due to elasticity of lungs

64
Q

nasal septum

A
  • separates left and right external nares

- lined by mucous membrain

65
Q

apex

A
  • the tip

- lungs- top of the lungs

66
Q

base

A
  • bottom/ flat side

- lungs- inferior side

67
Q

cardiac notch

A
  • lateral deflection of the anterior border of the left lung

- produced for the space taken by the heart

68
Q

fissures

A
  • double fold of visceral pleura

- forms the lobes of the lungs

69
Q

alveolus

A

-tiny sacs in the lungs for gas exchange

70
Q

hilus

A

-where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerve fibers enter the lungs

71
Q

pleurisy

A
  • pleuritis
  • inflammation of the pleura
  • can make breathing extremely painful
72
Q

function of goblet cells

A
  • secrete mucus

- in ciliated and non citliated columnar

73
Q

function of sinuses

A
  • lighten the skull
  • chambers to improve our voices
  • produce mucus that moisturizes the inside of noses
74
Q

path of air

A
  • external nares
  • nasal cavities (sinuses)
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • alveoli
  • capillaries
75
Q

functions of the nasal cavity

A
  • moisturize (mucous)
  • filter (cilia)
  • warm (blood)
76
Q

parts of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx (concerning breathing only)
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
77
Q

upper respiratory system

A
  • external nares
  • nasal cavity
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx
78
Q

lower respiratory system

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
79
Q

parasinuses

A
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethnoid
  • maxillary
  • named after the name of the bones surrounding
80
Q

cartilage in larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage (adams apple)

- cricoid cartilage (provide attachments for the muscles and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway)

81
Q

epiglottis

A
  • forms a lid over the glottis
  • elastic cartilage
  • larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing both liquids and food from entering the respiratory tract
82
Q

Surfactant

A
  • lubrication fluid in the alveoli

- lipid/fat

83
Q

membranes of the lungs

A
  • visceral pleura

- parietal pleura

84
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • support/ framework/ shape
  • movement/ leverage
  • protection (of organs)
  • RBC production (red bone marrow)
  • storage of minerals (calcium, energy/ lipids, phosphorus)
  • endocrine regulation (calcitonin- hormone needed to grow bone)
85
Q

difference of bone marrow within long bones

A
  • red bone marrow (epiphysis where there’s spongy bone)

- white bone marrow (in the diaphysis- adipose)

86
Q

main bone types

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
87
Q

parts of the long bone

A
  • epiphysis (ends of bone)
  • diaphysis (the middle section)
  • spongy bone
  • articulate cartilage (hyaline) lines the end
88
Q

types of bone cells in order

A
  • osteogenic
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocypes
  • osteoclasts
89
Q

osteogenic

A
  • early cells (stem cell)
  • receive DNA to become bone
  • goes to designated location throughout the body
90
Q

osteoblasts

A

-immature and makes the matrix (needs nutrients)

91
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells

92
Q

osteoclasts

A

-fix matrixes (keep bones from becoming too thick)

93
Q

Haversian system

A
  • In osteon
  • Haversian canal, canaliculi, concentric lamallae, osteocytes, lacune
  • in lacunae
  • conneted by canaliculi
94
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone replaces existing hyaline cartilage

  • most common
  • all bones except for a few
  • continues all the way through pubuerty and young adulthood
95
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  • fibrous connective tissue to bone
  • mandible, cranial bones, clavicle
  • 8th week of embryonic development
  • occurs in deeptest layers of dermis (forming dermal bones)
96
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • all limbs and girdles (not in axial skeleton)

- 126 bones

97
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • throacic cage
  • vertebral column
  • 80 bones
98
Q

fontanel

A
  • relatively soft, flexible, fibrous region

- between two flat bones in the developing skull (a baby’s soft spot)

99
Q

compound fracture

A
  • comes through the skin

- skin/ bone bleeds

100
Q

simple fracture

A

-break inside skin

101
Q

complete fracture

A

-bone is in two or more separate parts

102
Q

incomplete fracture

A

-fracture that still connects two pieces

103
Q

transverse break

A

top and bottom pieces

104
Q

obliquee break

A

angled

105
Q

spiral break

A
  • starts at top and spirals down
  • caused by catching falls
  • caused by grabbing arm and twisting
106
Q

green stick “break”

A
  • bent bone
  • incomplete break
  • in young children/ underdeveloped bones
107
Q

splintered break

A
  • complete break

- many chipped pieces

108
Q

compression

A
  • tibia and taus

- collide

109
Q

depression

A

-cranium bone dents in

110
Q

hairline/stress fracture

A
  • overuse and weakening of bone

- causes a crack

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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