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anatomy & physiology > semester 1 final > Flashcards

semester 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Toward head

Ex) the chin’s superior to the ankle

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

Ex) the ankle is inferior to the chin

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Close to the front of the body

Ex) the sternum is anterior compared to the spine

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Close to the back of the body

Ex) the scapula is posterior to the clavicle

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

Ex) the nose is medial to the eyes

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

Ex) the lungs are lateral to the heart

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7
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

Ex) the heart is intermediate to the lungs

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Near point of attachment

Ex) the humerus is proximal to the radius

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9
Q

Distal

A

Farther from point of attachment

Ex) the wrist is distal to the elbow

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10
Q

Superficial

A

Towards surface of the body

Ex) the skin is superficial to the muscle

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11
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface off the body

Ex) the muscle is feel to the skin

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

Referring to the back of an animal or backside of a structure

Ex) the buttock lies on the dorsal side

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13
Q

Ventral

A

Referring to the front of a structure or belly side of an animal

Ex) the nose lies on the central side

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14
Q

Anatomical position

A

Stand upright, face forward, palms forward

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15
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of internal & external body structures & their physical relationships among other body parts

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16
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms perform their functions

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17
Q

homeostasis

A

the existence of a stable internal environment

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18
Q

diaphragm

A

a flat muscular sheet that separates anatomical regions

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19
Q

parts of the cell theory

A
  • everything living is made of cells
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of life
  • each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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20
Q

eukaryotic

A

has membrane bound organelles & nucleus

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21
Q

prokaryotic

A

does not have membrane bound organelles or nucleus

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22
Q

somatic cells

A

soma= body

all body cells except sex cells

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23
Q

mitochondria

A
  • power house of the cell

- produces ATP

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24
Q

cell membrane

A

allows movement of molecules

-proteins are binding sites & receptors for hormones & chemical messages

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25
Q

ribosomes

A

proteins are produced here

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26
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes to break down non usable substances

-membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes

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27
Q

cilia/ flagella

A

move substances along cell

  • single- sperm
  • multiple-cilia
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28
Q

golgi body

A
  • transport proteins from ER to other parts of the cell
  • 4-6 flattened sacs by the nucleus
  • packages & sorts proteins & lipids
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29
Q

ER

A
  • protein synthesis
  • modifies materials to prepare for transport by golgi body
  • system of double membrane channels continuous with nuclear envelope
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30
Q

cell membrane

A

regulates flow of materials inside& outside of body (lipid bylayer)

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31
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds cellular content (cytosol)

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32
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny granules composed of protein & rRNA site for protein synthesis

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33
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal structure in cytosol

-made of microfilaments & microtubules

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34
Q

centriols

A

microtubules used in cell division

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35
Q

permeability

A

determines what moves in & out of a cell

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36
Q

impermeable

A

membrane that lets nothing in or out

37
Q

freely permeable

A

membrane that lets anything pass

38
Q

selectively permeable

A

membrane that restricts movement

39
Q

how does selective permeability restrict

A

by

  • size
  • electrical charge
  • molecular shape
  • lipid solubility
40
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

  • carrier mediated transport
  • vesicular transport
41
Q

passive transport

A

no energy required

  • diffusion
  • carrier mediated transport
42
Q

diffusion

A

movement of liquids from high to low concentration

43
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across the cell membrane

44
Q

oncology

A

study of cancer, tumors, & treatments

45
Q

malignant

A

tumor that spreads fast & is life threatning

46
Q

benign

A

non cancerous tumor that is slow growing & easily removeable

47
Q

endocytosis

A

packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle for transport into a cell

48
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing substance

49
Q

treatment for cancer

A
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • surgery
50
Q

fat cell

A

adipocyte

51
Q

bone cell

A

osteocyte

52
Q

cartilage cell

A

chondrocyte

53
Q

only embryonic connective tissue

A

mucous

forms all kinds of connective tissue

54
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, &reticular

55
Q

areolar

A

composes the basement membrane and packages organs; include all fivers and many cell types

56
Q

adipose

A
  • provides insulation for the body

- acts as a storage depot for fat/ energy

57
Q

reticular

A

forms the stroma or internal “skeleton” of the spleen and other lymphoid organs

58
Q

integumentary system

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • sweat glands
  • nails
  • protects against environmental hazards
  • helps regulate body temperature
  • provides sensory information
  • produce vitamin d
59
Q

skeletal system

A
  • bones
  • cartilages
  • associated ligaments
  • bone marrow
  • provides support & protection for other tissues
  • stores calcium & other minerals
  • forms blood cells
60
Q

muscular system

A

-skeletal muscles & associated tendons
-provides movement
provides protection & support for other tissues
-generates heat
-maintains body temperature

61
Q

nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • peripheral nerves
  • sense organs
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  • provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
62
Q

endocrine system

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • pancreas
  • adrenal glands
  • directs long term -changes in the activites of other organ systems
  • adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body
  • controls many structural functional changes during development
63
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • heart
  • transport of blood
  • carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
64
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns them to blood
  • houses white blood cells
65
Q

respiratory systems

A
  • nasal cavities
  • sinuses
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
  • delivers air to alveoli
  • provides oxygen to bloodstream
  • removes carbon dioxide from blood stream
  • produces sound for communication
66
Q

digestive system

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
  • process & digests food
  • absorbs & converts water
  • stores energy reserbes
67
Q

urinary system

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
  • excretes waste
  • controls water balance
  • regulates blood ion concentrations
68
Q

what are the life process

A 
metabolism
responsiveness
reproduction
movement
growth
differentiation
69
Q

what are the levels of organization

A 
different levels of what makes up life
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level 
organism level
70
Q

chemical level

A

dealing with the smallest stable unit of matter, atoms

71
Q

cellular level

A

study of the smallest living units in the body, cells

72
Q

tissue level

A

the tissue is a group of cells working together to perform a function

73
Q

organ level

A

organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

74
Q

organ system level

A

a group of organs interacting

75
Q

organism level

A

human beings

76
Q

negative feedback

A

a way of counteracting a change

77
Q

positive feedback

A

the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in condition, rather than opposing it (extreme responses)

78
Q

frontal plane

A

split between ventral and dorsal

79
Q

sagittal plane

A

split left and right

80
Q

transverse plane

A

split supirior and inferior

81
Q

what are the different body cavities?

A

thoracic & abdominal

82
Q

parts of the thoracic cavity

A

pleural cavity & pericardial cavity

83
Q

parts of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneal, abdominal, & pelvic

84
Q

parts of the dorsal cavity

A

cranial & brain stem cavity

85
Q

parts of the ventral cavity

A

thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic cavity

86
Q

what are the needs of living things?

A 
water 
sunlight
air
food(energy)
habitats
87
Q

cancer

A

the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the bodhttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/4607206/cards/quick#y

88
Q

neuroglia (function)

A
  • “nerve glue”
  • support and protect neurons
  • make up more than half of the brain’s weight
  • mitosis (responsible for brain tumors)
89
Q

dendrites

A
  • extend out from the cell body
  • intercellular communication.
  • receives info

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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