semester 1 final Flashcards
Superior
Toward head
Ex) the chin’s superior to the ankle
Inferior
Away from the head
Ex) the ankle is inferior to the chin
Anterior
Close to the front of the body
Ex) the sternum is anterior compared to the spine
Posterior
Close to the back of the body
Ex) the scapula is posterior to the clavicle
Medial
Towards midline
Ex) the nose is medial to the eyes
Lateral
Away from the midline
Ex) the lungs are lateral to the heart
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ex) the heart is intermediate to the lungs
Proximal
Near point of attachment
Ex) the humerus is proximal to the radius
Distal
Farther from point of attachment
Ex) the wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial
Towards surface of the body
Ex) the skin is superficial to the muscle
Deep
Away from surface off the body
Ex) the muscle is feel to the skin
Dorsal
Referring to the back of an animal or backside of a structure
Ex) the buttock lies on the dorsal side
Ventral
Referring to the front of a structure or belly side of an animal
Ex) the nose lies on the central side
Anatomical position
Stand upright, face forward, palms forward
Anatomy
Study of internal & external body structures & their physical relationships among other body parts
Physiology
Study of how living organisms perform their functions
homeostasis
the existence of a stable internal environment
diaphragm
a flat muscular sheet that separates anatomical regions
parts of the cell theory
- everything living is made of cells
- all cells come from preexisting cells
- cells are the smallest unit of life
- each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
eukaryotic
has membrane bound organelles & nucleus
prokaryotic
does not have membrane bound organelles or nucleus
somatic cells
soma= body
all body cells except sex cells
mitochondria
- power house of the cell
- produces ATP
cell membrane
allows movement of molecules
-proteins are binding sites & receptors for hormones & chemical messages
ribosomes
proteins are produced here
lysosomes
digestive enzymes to break down non usable substances
-membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
cilia/ flagella
move substances along cell
- single- sperm
- multiple-cilia
golgi body
- transport proteins from ER to other parts of the cell
- 4-6 flattened sacs by the nucleus
- packages & sorts proteins & lipids
ER
- protein synthesis
- modifies materials to prepare for transport by golgi body
- system of double membrane channels continuous with nuclear envelope
cell membrane
regulates flow of materials inside& outside of body (lipid bylayer)
cytoplasm
holds cellular content (cytosol)
ribosomes
tiny granules composed of protein & rRNA site for protein synthesis
cytoskeleton
internal structure in cytosol
-made of microfilaments & microtubules
centriols
microtubules used in cell division
permeability
determines what moves in & out of a cell
impermeable
membrane that lets nothing in or out
freely permeable
membrane that lets anything pass
selectively permeable
membrane that restricts movement
how does selective permeability restrict
by
- size
- electrical charge
- molecular shape
- lipid solubility
active transport
requires energy
- carrier mediated transport
- vesicular transport
passive transport
no energy required
- diffusion
- carrier mediated transport
diffusion
movement of liquids from high to low concentration
osmosis
diffusion of water across the cell membrane
oncology
study of cancer, tumors, & treatments
malignant
tumor that spreads fast & is life threatning
benign
non cancerous tumor that is slow growing & easily removeable
endocytosis
packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle for transport into a cell
carcinogen
cancer causing substance
treatment for cancer
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- surgery
fat cell
adipocyte
bone cell
osteocyte
cartilage cell
chondrocyte
only embryonic connective tissue
mucous
forms all kinds of connective tissue
types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, &reticular
areolar
composes the basement membrane and packages organs; include all fivers and many cell types
adipose
- provides insulation for the body
- acts as a storage depot for fat/ energy
reticular
forms the stroma or internal “skeleton” of the spleen and other lymphoid organs
integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- sweat glands
- nails
- protects against environmental hazards
- helps regulate body temperature
- provides sensory information
- produce vitamin d
skeletal system
- bones
- cartilages
- associated ligaments
- bone marrow
- provides support & protection for other tissues
- stores calcium & other minerals
- forms blood cells
muscular system
-skeletal muscles & associated tendons
-provides movement
provides protection & support for other tissues
-generates heat
-maintains body temperature
nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- peripheral nerves
- sense organs
- directs immediate responses to stimuli
- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
- provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
endocrine system
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- pancreas
- adrenal glands
- directs long term -changes in the activites of other organ systems
- adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body
- controls many structural functional changes during development
cardiovascular system
- heart
- transport of blood
- carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
lymphatic system
- spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns them to blood
- houses white blood cells
respiratory systems
- nasal cavities
- sinuses
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
- delivers air to alveoli
- provides oxygen to bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from blood stream
- produces sound for communication
digestive system
- teeth
- tongue
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
- process & digests food
- absorbs & converts water
- stores energy reserbes
urinary system
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
- excretes waste
- controls water balance
- regulates blood ion concentrations
what are the life process
metabolism responsiveness reproduction movement growth differentiation
what are the levels of organization
different levels of what makes up life chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organism level
chemical level
dealing with the smallest stable unit of matter, atoms
cellular level
study of the smallest living units in the body, cells
tissue level
the tissue is a group of cells working together to perform a function
organ level
organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
organ system level
a group of organs interacting
organism level
human beings
negative feedback
a way of counteracting a change
positive feedback
the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in condition, rather than opposing it (extreme responses)
frontal plane
split between ventral and dorsal
sagittal plane
split left and right
transverse plane
split supirior and inferior
what are the different body cavities?
thoracic & abdominal
parts of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity & pericardial cavity
parts of the abdominal cavity
peritoneal, abdominal, & pelvic
parts of the dorsal cavity
cranial & brain stem cavity
parts of the ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic cavity
what are the needs of living things?
water sunlight air food(energy) habitats
cancer
the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the bodhttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/4607206/cards/quick#y
neuroglia (function)
- “nerve glue”
- support and protect neurons
- make up more than half of the brain’s weight
- mitosis (responsible for brain tumors)
dendrites
- extend out from the cell body
- intercellular communication.
- receives info
