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anatomy & physiology > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

who developed the cell theory

A

robert hooke

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2
Q

parts of the cell theory

A
  • everything living is made of cells
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of life
  • each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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3
Q

two types of cells

A 
sex cells (germ cells)
somatic cells
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4
Q

sex cells

A
  • reproductive cells
  • male sperm
  • female oocyte (cell that turns into egg)
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5
Q

somatic cells

A

soma= body

all body cells except sex cells

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6
Q

how many cells do we have

A

trillions with over 200 different cells types

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7
Q

cell shapes

A
  • disc- RBC
  • sphere- fat
  • long extensions- nerve
  • toothpicks- smooth muscle
  • cubed- columns, flat
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8
Q

functions of cells

A
  • connect body parts
  • cover & line organs
  • store nutrients
  • fight disease
  • gather information
  • control the body
  • carry out the chemical activities needed to sustain life
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9
Q

two types of cells

A

prokaryotic & eukaryotic

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10
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

does not have membrane bound organelles or nucleus

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11
Q

eukaryotic

A

has membrane bound organelles & nucleus

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12
Q

trace elements

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

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13
Q

key elements

A
  • calcium (blood clotting)
  • iron (carry hemoglobin)
  • iodine (metabolism)
  • sodium
  • potassium
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14
Q

nucleus

A
  • control center
  • largest organelle
  • contains genes to control cellular activity
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15
Q

mitochondria

A
  • power house of the cell

- produces ATP

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16
Q

cell membrane

A

allows movement of molecules

-proteins are binding sites & receptors for hormones & chemical messages

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

proteins are produced here

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18
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes to break down non usable substances

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19
Q

cilia/ flagella

A

move substances along cell

  • single- sperm
  • multiple-cilia
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20
Q

golgi body

A
  • transport proteins from ER to other parts of the cell
  • 4-6 flattened sacs by the nucleus
  • packages & sorts proteins & lipids
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21
Q

ER

A
  • protein synthesis
  • modifies materials to prepare for transport by golgi body
  • system of double membrane channels continuous with nuclear envelope
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22
Q

cell membrane

A

regulates flow of materials inside& outside of body (lipid bylayer)

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23
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds cellular content (cytosol)

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24
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny granules composed of protein & rRNA site for protein synthesis

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25
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes

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26
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal structure in cytosol

-made of microfilaments & microtubules

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27
Q

centriols

A

microtubules used in cell division

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28
Q

membrane transport

A
  • barrier
  • lets nutrients in
  • lets products & waste out
  • selectively permeable
29
Q

permeability

A

determines what moves in & out of a cell

30
Q

impermeable

A

membrane that lets nothing in or out

31
Q

freely permeable

A

membrane that lets anything pass

32
Q

selectively permeable

A

membrane that restricts movement

33
Q

how does selective permeability restrict

A

by

  • size
  • electrical charge
  • molecular shape
  • lipid solubility
34
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

  • carrier mediated transport
  • vesicular transport
35
Q

passive transport

A

no energy required

  • diffusion
  • carrier mediated transport
36
Q

diffusion

A

movement of liquids from high to low concentration

37
Q

concentration gradient

A

more solute in one part of a solvent than another

38
Q

factors influencing diffustion

A
  • distance
  • molecule size (smaller moves faster
  • temperature (hotter= faster)
  • concentration gradient
  • electrical forces (opposites attract)
39
Q

channel mediated diffusioin

A

water soluble compounds & ions

40
Q

factors influencing channel mediated diffusion

A
  • size
  • charge
  • interaction with the channel
41
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across the cell membrane

42
Q

enzymes

A

speeds up chemical reations

43
Q

DNA

A

contains genetic material & instructions to make proteins

44
Q

RNA

A

aides in making proteins at the ribosomes

45
Q

endocytosis

A

packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle for transport into a cell

46
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

target molecules bind to receptor proteins on membrane surface, forming vesicles

47
Q

phagocytosis

A

vesicles form at plasma membrane to bring solid molecules into the cells “cell eating”

48
Q

pinocytosis

A

vesicles for large membrane & bring fluids & small molecules to cell “cell drinking”

49
Q

exocytosis

A

intracellular vesicles fuse with plasma membrane membrane releasing fluids from cell

50
Q

mitosis

A

divides & duplicates two sets of chromosomes

51
Q

stages of mitosis

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphas
anaphase
telophase
52
Q

oncology

A

study of cancer, tumors, & treatments

53
Q

malignant

A

tumor that spreads fast & is life threatning

54
Q

benign

A

non cancerous tumor that is slow growing & easily removeable

55
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells to other areas of the body via lymphatic & circulatory systems through blood

56
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing substance

57
Q

treatment for cancer

A
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • surgery
58
Q

steps to cancer development

A
  • abnormal cell
  • primary tumor
  • metastasis
  • secondary tumor
59
Q

tumor (neoplasm)

A
  • enlarged mass of cells

- abnormal cell growth & developement

60
Q

meiosis

A

reproductive cells

  • two devisions
  • sperm & egg
  • 23 chromosomes
61
Q

proliferation

A

rapid reproduction of cell parts or organism

62
Q

senescence

A

aging

63
Q

hyperplasia

A

abnormal increase in number of cells

64
Q

dysplasia

A

early development of cancer

65
Q

in situ cancer

A

early cancer that has not metastisized

66
Q

invasive cancer

A

cancer that has metastasized

67
Q

apoptosis

A

death of cells that occurs normally & needs to be replaced

68
Q

telomeres

A

caps on chromosomes that affect how cells age

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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