chapter 1 Flashcards
what is the difference between anatomy & physiology
anatomy is the study of the relations of organs while physiology is how they work
what are the levels of organization
different levels of what makes up life chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organism level
chemical level
dealing with the smallest stable unit of matter, atoms
cellular level
study of the smallest living units in the body, cells
tissue level
the tissue is a group of cells working together to perform a function
organ level
organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
organ system level
a group of organs interacting
organism level
human beings
what are the life process
metabolism responsiveness reproduction movement growth differentiation
metabolism
everything uses energy
responsiveness
reacting to different things
movement
anything alive moves
growth
anything alive grows
differentiation
everything is different in one way or another
reproduction
needed to create offspring and the next generation
homeostasis
refers to the existence of a stable internal environment. it is important to maintain this because the organism depends on it
controlled by nervous & endocrine systems(releases hormones into blood)
what are the needs of living things?
water sunlight air food(energy) habitats
what are the planes of the body
frontal coronal plane
sagittal plane
transverse horizontal plane
frontal coronal plane
separates anterior and posterior potions
sagittal plane
parallel to long axis
separates the right& left plane
transverse/ horizontal plane
separates superior & inferior portions
what are the different body cavities?
thoracic & abdominal
parts of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity & pericardial cavity
parts of the abdominal cavity
peritoneal, abdominal, & pelvic
what are the two types of anatomy
gross & microscopic
gross anatomy
large structures
microscopic anatomy
microscopic level (cells & molecules)
histology
study of tissue
diaphram
skeletal muscle- help inhalation
abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, spleen, gull bladder, intestines, pancreas
pelvic cavity
bladder, colon, reproductive organs, rectum
thoracic
chest region
extrinsic regulation
process that results from the results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system
antoregulation
process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, and organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change
what is the homeostatic regulatory mechanism
receptor to control center, to effector
receptor
a sensor that is sensitive to stimuli or environmental change
control center
recieves & processes the information from the receptor & sends out commands
effector
cell or organ that responds to the command (either opposes or enhances the stimuli)
negative feedback
a way of counteracting a change
positive feedback
the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in condition, rather than opposing it (extreme responses)
body systems
made of interacting atoms that form molecules that combine to form the protein filaments of an organ. the various organ systems mus work together to maintain life at the organism level
integumentary system: major organs
skin
hair
sweat glands
nails
integumentary system: functions
protects against environmental hazards
helps regulate body temperature
provides sensory information
skeletal system: major organs
bones
cartilages
associated ligaments
bone marrow
skeletal system: functions
provides support & protection for other tissues
stores calcuim & other minerals
forms blood cells
muscular system: major organs
skeletal muscles & associated tendons
muscular system: functions
provides movement
provides protection & support for other tissues
generates heat that maintains body temperature
nervous system: major organs
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
nervous system : functions
directs immediate responses to stimuli
coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
endocrine system” major organs
pituitary gland thyroid gland pancreas adrenal glands gonads endocrine tissues in other systems
endocrin sytems: functions
directs long term changes in the activites of other organ systems
adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body
controls many structural* functional changes during development
lymphatic system: major organs
spleen thymus lymphatic vessels lymph nodes tonsils
respiratory systems: major organs
nasal cavities sinuses larynx trachea bronchi lungs alceoli
respiratory systems: funtions
delivers air to alveoli
provides oxygen to bloodstream
removes carbon dioxide from blood stream
produces sound for communication
digestive system: major organs
teeth tongue pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver gall bladder pancreas
digestive system: functions
process & digests food
absorbs & converts water
stores energy reserbes
urinary system: major organs
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
urinary system: functions
excretes waste
controls water balance
regulates blood ion concentrations
lymphatic system: function
defends against infections & disease
returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
