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anatomy & physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

CNS (parts, protection, function)

A

central nervous system
parts-brain and spinal cord
protection-encased by bone
function-processes info and acts as the integrating and command center- interprets sensory info and sends out instructions based on past experiences and current conditions

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2
Q

tracts

A

bundles of nerve fibers

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3
Q

PNS (parts, protection, function)

A

peripheral nervous system
parts-anything on the perimeter of the CNS- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
protection- bundled together by connective tissue
function- afferent and efferent

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4
Q

afferent

A

sensory

  • transmits action potentials that travel to the CNS
  • keeps the brain informed
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5
Q

somatic messages

A

from the skin, skeletal muscles, or joints

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6
Q

visceral messages

A

from internal organs

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7
Q

efferent (branches?)

A
  • transmits action potentials that travel away from CNS
  • carries out the choice from the brain to body
  • 2 branches- somatic and autonomic
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8
Q

somatic

A
  • voluntary movements

- CNS to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

autonomic (branches?)

A
  • involuntary movements
  • CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle and glands
  • regulates automatic events
  • 2 branches- sympathetic and parasympathetic
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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • most active during physical activity

- “fight or flight”

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • regulates resting functions

- “rest and digest”

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12
Q

nervous tissue

A

-made of neuroglia and neurons

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13
Q

neuroglia (function)

A
  • “nerve glue”
  • support and protect neurons
  • make up more than half of the brain’s weight
  • mitosis (responsible for brain tumors)
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14
Q

nerves (functions)

A
  • receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons
  • amitotic
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15
Q

resting neurons

A
  • polarized (higher concentration of Na+ outside and higher concentration of K+ inside the cell)
  • -70 mV charge
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16
Q

Na+/ K+ pump

A

-maintain the distribution of Na+ and K+

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17
Q

how are nuerons fired

A
  • dendrites stimulated
  • Na+ gates open to allow Na+ to flood in (depolarization- more positive)
  • causes graded potential cause its getting stronger
  • graded potential reaches axon hillock at -55mV which causes an action potential (nerve impulse)
  • Na+ gates ate opened causing a change from -55 to 30mV
  • action potential reaches the terminal and triggers the Ca+ gates to cause the terminal to release neurotransmitters into the synaps through exocytosis
  • repolarization is K+ flooding the cell to regain the -70 mV charge
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18
Q

axon hillock

A

-where the axon joins the cell body

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19
Q

axon terminals

A
  • synaptic terminals, synaptic knobs, synaptic boutons.

- play role in communication with another cell

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20
Q

dendrites

A
  • extend out from the cell body
  • intercellular communication.
  • receives info
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21
Q

synapse

A
  • specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell
  • synaptic cleft separates the 2 cells
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22
Q

presynaptic cell

A

-sends message and includes axon terminal, typically a neuron

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23
Q

three types of neurons

A
  • bipolar nuerons
  • unipolar nuerons
  • multipolar nuerons
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24
Q

bipolar nuerons

A
  • 2 extensions from cell body
  • special sense organs
  • small
  • optic and auditory sensory
  • least common
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25
Q

unipolar nuerons

A
  • 1 extension from cell body
  • dendrites and axon are continuous
  • cell body lays off to the side
  • sensory neurons
  • long, end at synapses in CNS
26
Q

multipolar nuerons

A
  • 2 or more dendrites
  • most common in CNS
  • motor and association neurons
27
Q

interneurons

A
  • located between sensory and motor neurons
  • most common
  • most located within brain and spinal cord
  • distribute sensory info and coordinate motor activity
28
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • -70 in neurons
29
Q

myelin

A

-protects and electrically insulates axons from one another

30
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • gaps between each myelin sheath

- increases speed of nerve impulse conduction

31
Q

saltatory conduction

A

-impulses jump from node to node due to myelin

32
Q

how does communication between PNS and CNS occur

A
  • afferent nerves enter the dorsal horn
  • message goes up the spinal cord (sensory tracts) to the brain
  • brain makes a choice
  • efferent nerve tract carries command down the spinal cord
  • exits out the ventral horn
33
Q

reflex arc

A
  • rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimuli
  • receptor recieves stimuli
  • message goes up the afferent pathway to dorsal horn
  • message transferred to ventral horn (help of association neuron)
  • travels down efferent pathway and causes a reaction
  • afferent message travels to brain but after action
34
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of brain
  • surfaces are folded and covered by a neural cortex called the cerebral cortex.
  • forms elevated ridges (gyri )
  • separated by shallow depressions called sulci or by deeper grooves called fissures
  • conscious thoughts and all intellecutal functions originate in the cerebral hemispheres
  • processing somatic sensory and motor information
  • sends info to oppositie side of body
35
Q

longitudinal fussure

A

-deep groove down the middle of the cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

corpus callosum

A

-connection of nerve fibers between the hemispheres

37
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • output center
  • functions-problem solving- personality- voluntary motor control
  • broca’s area
38
Q

broca’s area

A

speaking ability (left hemisphere)

39
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • input lobe
  • -functions- recesses and evaluates sensory info, but not smell, hearing, or vision- understand speech- ability to use words
  • integrate and interpret sensations
  • storage of memories of sensory experiences
40
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • input lobe
  • visual area
  • functions- recognize objects visually- combine images
41
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • input lobe
  • functions- receives and evaluates inpot for smell and hearing
  • wernicke’s area
42
Q

wernicke’s area

A
  • understand oral/ written words

- in the temporal lobe

43
Q

cerebellum

A
  • second larges part of brain
  • attached to brain stem
  • functions- controls coordination of muscles- regulates posture and balance
44
Q

arbor vitae

A

-white matter of the cerebellum

45
Q

diencephalon

A
  • grey matter

- found between brainstem and cerebrum

46
Q

thalamus

A
  • gateway to the cerebrum

- relays incoming info to the cerbral cortex and outgoing motor impulses to their destinations

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

-regulates autonomic functions (sleep, hunger, thirst, etc)

48
Q

brain stem

A

-pons and medulla oblongata

49
Q

pons

A
  • “bridge”

- nerve fiber tracts that connect the brain

50
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • controls bital functions (brathing, heart beat, blood pressure, etc)
  • found under the pons and ends at the foramen magnum
51
Q

foramen magnum

A
  • where spinal cord ends

- injury here could cause quadriple gia

52
Q

spinal cord

A
  • extends from foramen magnum to end of first lumbar vertebrae
  • take messages to and from brain
  • end of spinal cord is the conus medullaris
53
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • names due to cone shape

- end of spinal cord

54
Q

meninges

A
  • protects the brain and spinal cord
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia matter
55
Q

dura mater

A
  • “tougher mother”
  • thickest and toughest
  • epidural space- space superficial to the dura mater and deep to the vertebra and skull bones
56
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • looks like spider web
  • subarachnoid space- space between arachnoid mater and pia mater
  • blood vessels and cerebral spinal fluid can be located here
57
Q

pia mater

A
  • “gentle mother”

- lies directly on top of the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

menengitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges
  • a virus or bacteria can cause this
  • could be life threatening (spread to CNS)
59
Q

ependymal cells

A

-lines hollow fluid filled spaces

60
Q

Astrocytes

A

-regulate the external chemical environment of neurons by removing excess ions

61
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

cells that coat axons in the central nervous system (CNS) with their cell membrane, forming a specialized membrane differentiation called myelin

62
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • small cells that surround neurons in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia
  • regulate the external chemical environment

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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