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anatomy & physiology > nervous system packet > Flashcards

nervous system packet Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functions of the nervous system

A 
sensory input (stimuli detected and message sent to brain and spine. )
integration (process of combining information from many sources)
motor output (motor neurons receive output and sends out response)
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2
Q

neuroglia

A
  • supporting cells found in the CNS
  • mitotic and responsible for most brain neoplasms
  • functions essential to the survival & functionality of neurons
  • preserves the physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue
  • outnumber neurons
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3
Q

location of Schwann cells

A

PNS

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4
Q

location of satellite cells

A

PNS

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5
Q

Schwann cells

A

a type of “support” cell in the PNS.

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6
Q

satellite cells

A

glial cells that cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

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7
Q

neurons

A

respond to stimuli

-perform all communication, information processing, and control functions of the nervous system

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8
Q

astrocytes

A
  • make up almost 50% of the volume of neural tissue in the CNS
  • function: axon guidance and synaptic support and, control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow
  • bulbous ends cling to capillaries
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9
Q

microglia

A
  • engulf invading microorganisms and dead neural tissue

- in the CNS

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10
Q

ependymal cells

A

-line the central cavities of the brain

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11
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-wrap cytoplasmic extensions around thick neuron fibers in CNS

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12
Q

axon

A
  • conducts impulses away from the cell body
  • process called a nerve fiber
  • conducting component
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13
Q

axonal terminal

A

-releases neurotransmitters

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14
Q

cell body

A
  • location of nucleus
  • located and protected within the CNS
  • site of biosynthetic activities
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15
Q

dendrite

A
  • conducts local currents toward the soma
  • short, tapering, diffusely branched extension from the cell body
  • receptive region
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16
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • increases the speed of impulse transmission
  • -formed by schwann cells
  • in PNS
  • patchy disappearance in multiple sclerosis
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17
Q

nissl bodies

A

-clustered ribosomes and rough ER

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18
Q

axon hillock

A

-trigger zone

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19
Q

axon terminal

A

-secretory components

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20
Q

three special characteristics of neurons

A

extreme logetivity
amitotic
high metabolic rate

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21
Q

ganglion

A

-collection of cell bodies found outside the CNS

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22
Q

synapse

A

-junction or point of close contact between neurons

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23
Q

neurotransmitters

A

-chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands

24
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

-gaps in a myelin sheath

25
Q

tract

A

-bundle of axons in the CNS

26
Q

nucleus

A

-collection of cell bodies found within the CNS

27
Q

stimuli

A

-changes, occurring inside or outside the body, that activate the nervous system

28
Q

bipolar neuron

A

function: optic and auditory

- very rare

29
Q

unipolar neuron

A

function: sensory

- neuron that transmits impulses from pain receptors in your skin to your spinal cord

30
Q

multipolar neuron

A

function: motor and associative neurons

- neuron that excites skeletal muscle cells

31
Q

resting neurons

A
  • inside is negative relative to its outside
  • cytoplasm contains more K+ and less Na+ than does the extracellular fluid
  • a charge separation exists at the membrane
  • electrochemical gradient for the movement of Na+ across the membrane is greater than that for K+
  • membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
32
Q

depolarization

A
  • 50 to +30 mV
  • a voltage change that brings a nueron closer to its threshold for firing
  • membrane potential becomes less negative and moves toward 0
33
Q

action potential

A

+30 mV

  • called the nerve impulse
  • self- propagated depolarization
  • all or none electrical event
  • results from the opening of voltage regulated ionic gates
  • characterized by a rapid polarity reversal
34
Q

repolarization

A

+30 to -60 mV

35
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • constant up and down from -70 to -80mV
  • a voltage change that reduces the ability of a neuron to conduct a impulse
  • causes membrane potential to become more negatived
36
Q

absolute refractory period

A

-period when a neuron cannot be restimulaed because its Na+ gates are open

37
Q

depolarization

A

-process by which the resting potential is decreased as Na+ ions move into the axon

38
Q

polarized

A

-state of an un stimulated neuron’s membrane

39
Q

relative refractory period

A

-corresponds to the period of repolarization of the neuron

40
Q

repolarization

A

-period (event) during which K+ions move out of the axon

41
Q

sodium- potassium pump

A

-mechanism by which ATP is used to move Na+ ion out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell;

42
Q

Neural tissue

A

-forms organs (brain, spinal cord)

43
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

  • brain & spinal cord
  • made of neural tissue, blood vessels, & various connective tissues
  • function: integrating, processing, & coordinating sensory data & motor commands
44
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

  • includes neural tissue outside the CNS
  • function: delivers sensory information to the CNS & carries out motor commands to peripheral tissues & systems
45
Q

Pairs of nerves

A

Cranial- 12

Spine-31

46
Q

2 divisions of PNS

A

Afferent & efferent

47
Q

Afferent

A

Brings sensory information to CNS

Receptor

48
Q

Efferent

A

Carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, & adipose tissue
(Effectors)

49
Q

threshold

A
  • point at which an axon “fires”

- membrane potential at which the outward current carried by K}+ is exactly equal to the inward current carried by Na+

50
Q

subthreshold

A

-term for a weak stimulus

51
Q

frequency of impulses

A

-codes for intensity of the stimulus

52
Q

graded potential

A
  • local change in membrane potential in which current flow is quickly dissipated
  • results from the opening of chemically regulated gates or energetic stimuli
53
Q

impulses

A

-faster when the axon is larger in diameter

54
Q

gated sodium channels

A

-concentrated at the nodes of ranvier of myelinated axons

55
Q

blocking nerve impulses

A

caused by reducing membrane permeability to sodium ions

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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