Semester 2 exam review Flashcards
an acid that does not contain oxygen, such as hydrofuoric acid
has 2 elements
binary acid
an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, usually a nonmetal
oxyacid
a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
entropy
the amount of energy released or absorbed as heat by a system during a process at constant pressure
enthalpy change
energy released
exothermic
energy absorbed
endothermic
a bubbling of a liquid caused by the rapid escape of a gas rather than by boiling
escape of a gas from the liquid in which it is dissolved in
effervescence
the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid
henry’s law
a solution that can not dissolve any more solute
saturated solution
a solution that is able to dissolve more solute
unsaturated solution
make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it.
dilute
the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a solution or mixture
concentration
describes two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other in various proportions
miscible
describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other
immiscible
factors that affect rate of dissolving
stirring, shaking, grinding for more surface area, and increasing the temperature
charge goes up
loss of electrons
oxidation
charge goes down
gain of electrons
reduction
geometric formula for alkanes
CnH(2n+2)
geometric formula for alkyl groups
CnH(2n+1)
geometric formula for alkenes (double bonds)
CnH2n
geometric formula for alkynes (triple bonds)
CnH(2n-2)
methane
CH4
the binding of an element to itself to form chains or rings
catenation
all ______ are saturated
alkanes
a reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule
increases the saturation of the molecule
addition reaction
reaction in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule
substitution reaction
reaction in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine
condensation reaction
reaction in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is formed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule
elimination reaction
a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer
monomer
a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
polymer
the number of electrons that must be added to or removed from an atom in a combined state to convert the atom into the elemental form
oxidation number
saturated compounds have more
hydrogen
all organic compounds contain
carbon
alkenes and alkynes are
unsaturated
R-O-R’
ether
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called
isomers
a base is described as a substance that increases the concentration of OH- in aqueous solution by
Arrhenius
the gas released when an acid reacts with a metal is
hydrogen
acid found in vinegar
acetic
in the presence of an acid, phenoplthalein ____
stays clear
according to bronsted-lowry, an acid is a molecule or ion
that is a proton donor
any species that can react as either an acid or a base is described as
amphoteric
products formed from a neutralization reaction
salt and water
example of a triprotic acid
H3PO4
acid that has tree ionizable protons per molecule
triprotic acid
malic acid is found in
apples
the most commonly used industrial aci
sulfuric acid
acids taste
ssour
a substance that ionizes nearly completely in aqueous solutions, producing H30+ is a
strong acid
a solution that contains OH- from a soluble base is
alkaline
HNO2
nitrous acid
HCL
hydrochloric acid
H2CO3
carbonic acid
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
nitric acid
HNO3
acetic acid
CH3COOH
chloric acid
HClO3
sulfuric
H2SO4
strong acids have a _____ bond energy
weak
weak acids have a ____ bond energy
strong
partially ionized in water so they do not produce much ions is a
weak acid
bases cause red litmus to turn
blue
an ion, atom, or molecule that is an electron pair acceptor
lewis acid
an acid that can donate two protons per molecule is a
diprotic acid
consists of anions and cations
salt
an acid that can donate only one proton to a base
monoprotic acid
melting
fusion
opposing changes occurring at equal rates in a closed system
equilibrium
readily evaporated
volatile
a change directly from a gas to a solid
deposition
the pressure of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the kelvin temperature at constant volume
gay-lussac’s law
the volume of a fixed gas varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature
boyle’s law
the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature is expressed by this law
combined law
the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with the kelvin temperature at constant temperature
charles’ law
the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of their partial pressures
dalton’s law
henry’s law relates
pressure to gas- liquid solubility
the tyndall effect is produced by
colloids
as temperature increases, the solubility of gases in liquids
decrease
a solution is a _____- mixture
homogeneous
you can use the tyndall effect on
colloids
shining a light through a colloid produces the
tyndall effect
the dissolved substance is a solution is called the
solute
example of a colloid
fog
the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves
dissociation
ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction
spectator ion
ions are formed from solute molecules by the action of the solvent in a process called
ionization
substances that yield ions and conduct an electric current in solution
electrolytes
the movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower solute concentration to the side of higher concentration
osmosis
an insoluble solid formed when two solutions of ionic compounds are mixed together
precipitate
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree
specific heat
the SI unit of heat energy
joule
the combined enthalpy-entropy function
free energy
in a gibbs free energy problem
a negative equation means the reaction is
spontaneous
a number that relates the concentrations of starting materials and products of a reversible chemical reaction to one another at a given temepratre
equilibrium constant
bases make phenolphthalein turn
hot pink
the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density
diffusion
the separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, radicals, or ions
dissociation
a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly
catalyst
the amount of energy as heat required to evaporate 1 mol of a liquid at constant pressure and temperature
molar enthalpy of vaporization
the amount of energy as heat required to change 1 mol of a substance from solid to liquid at constant temperature and pressure
molar enthalpy of fusion
