Semester 2 Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov
Dogs drooling when bell rings
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS, US, UC)
Unconditionally - automatically and naturally - triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR, UR)
Unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
After association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS
Discrimination
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Skinner Box
Bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water
Shaping
Reinforces guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations
Positive Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens the behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of a punishment or an aversive stimulus; it STRENGTHENS behavior
Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)
Learning by observing and imitating behaviors
Modeling
Observing and imitating a specific behavior
Bobo Doll Study (Albert Bandura)
Hypothesized that children would imitate aggresive behavior they observed
Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression
Flashbulb Memory
Highly emotional moment; clear, strong, and persistent memory
Working Memory (Short-Term Memory)
Conscious processing of information; 7 ± 2 items; 20-30 seconds
Long Term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless
Mnemonics
Memory aids
Method of Loci
Items are mentally associated with specific physical locations
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, managable units; acronyms are a type of chunking
Retrieval Cues
Anchors (words, places, emotions, etc.) that help retrieve memory
State-Congruent Memory
Recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
Encoding Failure
Original information was not encoding correctly
Proactive Interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive Interference
Disruotive effect of new learning on recall of old information
Source Amnesia
Attirbuting something in our memory to the wrong source
Instincts
Biological, genetic programming; Instinct - complex behaviors with fixed patterns
Drive Reduction Theory
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (the reduction)
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a steady internal state
Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)
Lower motives must be met before higher needs; Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization (Full Potential)
Hypothalamus
Plays a role in the regulation and control of hunger
Anorexia Nervosa
Normal-weight person still feels overweight
Bulimia Nervosa
Overeating followed by vomiting using laxatives, etc.
Catharsis
“Releasing” aggresive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously
Two-factor Theory of Emotion
Emotions have two factors - physical arousal and cognitive label
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy, we are more likely to help others
Type A Personality
Hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people; More likely to develop coronary heart disease
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motive and conflicts
Free Association
Ask patients to say whatever comes to their minds
Id
Satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; reality principle
Superego
Standards for judgement (the conscience); morality principle
Oedipus Complex
Sexual desires toward mother; feelings of jealousy for father - results in feeling guilt and fear of punishment
Repression
Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory from consciousness
Projection
Disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization
Offers self-justifying explanations
Displacement
Shifts impulse toward less threatening object or person; redirecting toward a safer outlet
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)
Commin reservoir of images derived from our species’ past
Archetypes (Carl Jung)
Inheritied universal human concepts like mother or hero
Projective Test
Provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
People express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Constant worry about many issues; inability to identify cause; Physical symptoms: headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, irritability
Phobia
Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Haunting memories, nightmares, withdrawal, anxiety, sleep problems
Major Depressive Disorder
Two or more weeks of depressed moods
Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Disorder)
Alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Manic Episode
Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
Dissociative Amnesia
Psychogenic amnesia; memory loss; often selective loss surrounding traumatic events
Dissociative Fugue
Global amnesia (forgets everything) with identity replacement
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Person exhibits two or more distinct personalities that alternate
Causes of DID
Severe sexial or physical abuse; biological predisposition
Delusions
False beliefs about self; persecution, paranoia, grandeur, being controlled
Hallucinations
Hearing or seeing things that aren’t there
Schizophrenic Perceptions
Frequently such hallucinations are auditory
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Sociopath or Psychopath)
Exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing; Sociopath/Psychopath
Eclectic Approach
Various forms of healing techniques
Psychoanalysis
Released previously repressed feelings; bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness; free association, dream analysis
Transference
Emotional conflicts of earlier years are transferred onto the therapist
Resistance
Blocking from consciousness any anxiety-arousing material
Humanistic Therapy (Carl Rodgers)
Active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment
Behavior Therapy
Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Counterconditioning
Conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
Exposure Therapy
Expose patients to things they fear and avoid; anxiety lessens
Sytematic Desensitization
Associated a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Token Economy
Exchanges a token earned for desired behavior for various privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
Give the client a rational or logical view of reality
Antipsychotic Drug
Similar enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter dopamine; Ex. Thorazine, Clozapine
Antidepressant Drugs
Increasing neurotransmitters norepinephrine or serotonin; elevate arousal and mood
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
Informative Social Influence
Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Stanford Prison Experiment
When we assume a role, we take on the attitudes and actions of that role
Solomon-Asch Experiment on Conformity
Subject is relatively likely to give the same answer as the group, even if it’s obviously incorrect
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect
Tendency for any given bystander yo be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Organism comes to associate two stimuli
