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Psychology > Semester 2 > Flashcards

Semester 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Dogs drooling when bell rings

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2
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS, US, UC)

A

Unconditionally - automatically and naturally - triggers a response

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3
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR, UR)

A

Unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

After association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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5
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

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7
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

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9
Q

Skinner Box

A

Bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water

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10
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforces guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations

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11
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior

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12
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of a punishment or an aversive stimulus; it STRENGTHENS behavior

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13
Q

Observational Learning (Albert Bandura)

A

Learning by observing and imitating behaviors

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14
Q

Modeling

A

Observing and imitating a specific behavior

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15
Q

Bobo Doll Study (Albert Bandura)

A

Hypothesized that children would imitate aggresive behavior they observed

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16
Q

Modeling Violence

A

Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression

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17
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Highly emotional moment; clear, strong, and persistent memory

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18
Q

Working Memory (Short-Term Memory)

A

Conscious processing of information; 7 ± 2 items; 20-30 seconds

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19
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless

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20
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids

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21
Q

Method of Loci

A

Items are mentally associated with specific physical locations

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22
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, managable units; acronyms are a type of chunking

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23
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Anchors (words, places, emotions, etc.) that help retrieve memory

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24
Q

State-Congruent Memory

A

Recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

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25
Q

Encoding Failure

A

Original information was not encoding correctly

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26
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information

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27
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Disruotive effect of new learning on recall of old information

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28
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attirbuting something in our memory to the wrong source

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29
Q

Instincts

A

Biological, genetic programming; Instinct - complex behaviors with fixed patterns

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30
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (the reduction)

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31
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a steady internal state

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32
Q

Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)

A

Lower motives must be met before higher needs; Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Self-Esteem, Self-Actualization (Full Potential)

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33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Plays a role in the regulation and control of hunger

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34
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Normal-weight person still feels overweight

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35
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Overeating followed by vomiting using laxatives, etc.

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36
Q

Catharsis

A

“Releasing” aggresive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

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37
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience

38
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously

39
Q

Two-factor Theory of Emotion

A

Emotions have two factors - physical arousal and cognitive label

40
Q

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

A

When we feel happy, we are more likely to help others

41
Q

Type A Personality

A

Hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people; More likely to develop coronary heart disease

42
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motive and conflicts

43
Q

Free Association

A

Ask patients to say whatever comes to their minds

44
Q

Id

A

Satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle

45
Q

Ego

A

Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; reality principle

46
Q

Superego

A

Standards for judgement (the conscience); morality principle

47
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Sexual desires toward mother; feelings of jealousy for father - results in feeling guilt and fear of punishment

48
Q

Repression

A

Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory from consciousness

49
Q

Projection

A

Disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others

50
Q

Rationalization

A

Offers self-justifying explanations

51
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts impulse toward less threatening object or person; redirecting toward a safer outlet

52
Q

Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)

A

Commin reservoir of images derived from our species’ past

53
Q

Archetypes (Carl Jung)

A

Inheritied universal human concepts like mother or hero

54
Q

Projective Test

A

Provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

55
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

People express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

56
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Constant worry about many issues; inability to identify cause; Physical symptoms: headaches, stomach aches, muscle tension, irritability

57
Q

Phobia

A

Persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior

58
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

59
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Haunting memories, nightmares, withdrawal, anxiety, sleep problems

60
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Two or more weeks of depressed moods

61
Q

Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Disorder)

A

Alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

62
Q

Manic Episode

A

Hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

63
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Psychogenic amnesia; memory loss; often selective loss surrounding traumatic events

64
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Global amnesia (forgets everything) with identity replacement

65
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Person exhibits two or more distinct personalities that alternate

66
Q

Causes of DID

A

Severe sexial or physical abuse; biological predisposition

67
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs about self; persecution, paranoia, grandeur, being controlled

68
Q

Hallucinations

A

Hearing or seeing things that aren’t there

69
Q

Schizophrenic Perceptions

A

Frequently such hallucinations are auditory

70
Q

Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Sociopath or Psychopath)

A

Exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing; Sociopath/Psychopath

71
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

Various forms of healing techniques

72
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Released previously repressed feelings; bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness; free association, dream analysis

73
Q

Transference

A

Emotional conflicts of earlier years are transferred onto the therapist

74
Q

Resistance

A

Blocking from consciousness any anxiety-arousing material

75
Q

Humanistic Therapy (Carl Rodgers)

A

Active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment

76
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

77
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

78
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Expose patients to things they fear and avoid; anxiety lessens

79
Q

Sytematic Desensitization

A

Associated a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

80
Q

Token Economy

A

Exchanges a token earned for desired behavior for various privileges or treats

81
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Give the client a rational or logical view of reality

82
Q

Antipsychotic Drug

A

Similar enough to molecules of the neurotransmitter dopamine; Ex. Thorazine, Clozapine

83
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Increasing neurotransmitters norepinephrine or serotonin; elevate arousal and mood

84
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

85
Q

Informative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality

86
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

87
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

When we assume a role, we take on the attitudes and actions of that role

88
Q

Solomon-Asch Experiment on Conformity

A

Subject is relatively likely to give the same answer as the group, even if it’s obviously incorrect

89
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

90
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

91
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Tendency for any given bystander yo be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

92
Q

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

A

Organism comes to associate two stimuli

Psychology (12 decks)

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