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Psychology > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

William James

A

One of the founders of American psychology; published Principles of Psychology

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Neuroscience/Biological Perspective

A

Brain and nervous system control behavior

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3
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Principle of evolution to explain behavior

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4
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Behavior based on experience or learning; conditioning

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5
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical Perspective

A

Behavior reflect combinations of conscious and unconscious influences; early childhood experiences; Sigmund Freud

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6
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Emphasized that people have free will, self concepts, and are basically good

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7
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How knowledge is acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior

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8
Q

Developmental Perspective

A

Interaction between heredity and environment; change across the life span

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9
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

Impact that society, culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality

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10
Q

Behavioral Genetics Perspective

A

How much genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) influence

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11
Q

Clinical Psychologist (Ph.d)

A

Studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy

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12
Q

Psychiatrist (M.D)

A

Medical professional who uses treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients

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13
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Does not blindly accept conclusions; evaluates evidence

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14
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally ocurring situations

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15
Q

Experiment

A

Investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process

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16
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Two variables vary systematically in the SAME direction

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17
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Two variables vary systematically in OPPOSITE directions

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18
Q

Independent Variable

A

Factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Factor that may change in response to manipulations; usually a behavior or mental process

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20
Q

Experimental Condition/Group

A

Exposes participants to the treatment

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21
Q

Control Condition/Group

A

Contrasts with experimental treatment; serves as a comparison

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22
Q

Placebo

A

Inert substance or condition administered instead of a presumed active agent to see if it triggers the effect

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23
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Both participants and staff are ignorant (blind) about treatment or placebo

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24
Q

Phrenology (Franz Gall)

A

Study of the bumps on your head

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25
Q

Action Potential

A

Neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron

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26
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and the denrite of the recieving neuron

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27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals travel across the synapse influencing an action potential

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28
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain and pleasure; response to pain; Runner’s high

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29
Q

Nervous System

A

Speedy, electrochemical communication system

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30
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body in stressful situations

31
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heartbeat and breathing

32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance

33
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory switch board; directs messages to the sensory areas

34
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotions, drives, and memory

35
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Band of fibers connecting hemispheres

36
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual areas

37
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness

38
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Non-verbal abilities, facial recognition, patterns

39
Q

Split-Brain

A

Object presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects in the left visual field cannot.

40
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers; endocrine glands

41
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates growth

42
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Heredity, genes, and chromosomes; environment

43
Q

Genes

A

Code for hereditary transmission

44
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strand of paired DNA

45
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

46
Q

Jean Pieaget

A

Cognitive processes followed a series of stages

47
Q

Schema

A

Patterns that organize interactions with the environment

48
Q

Assimilation

A

Absorbing new information into existing schemas

49
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information

50
Q

Object Permanence

A

Objects that are out of sight are also out of mind

51
Q

Egocentrism

A

Cannot percieve things from another’s point of view

52
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that properties remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

53
Q

Attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

A

Shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displacing distress on seperation

54
Q

Insecurely Attached

A

Avoid other people; anger, anxiety, or fear

55
Q

Imprinting

A

Certain animals form attachments during a critical period

56
Q

Authoritative/Democratic

A

Demanding & responsive; open discussion

57
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

58
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics; breasts, voice

59
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Avoid punishment or gain reward

60
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

Individual conscience, universal ethical principles

61
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge and skills; does not decline with age

62
Q

Sensation

A

Detect a stimulus

63
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

64
Q

Subliminal Threshold

A

Stimuli below absolute threshold for conscious awareness

65
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

66
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses; Phototransduction - Light

67
Q

Iris

A

Controls the size of the pupil opening

68
Q

Retina

A

Containing receptor rods and cones

69
Q

Rods

A

Detect black, white, and gray; low light

70
Q

Cones

A

Color vision; well-lit conditions

71
Q

Blindsight

A

Ability to respond appropriately to visual inputs while lacking the feeling of having seen them

72
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

73
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Retina should contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue, and green colors

74
Q

Opponent-Process Theory (Afterimages)

A

Opposing retunal processes enable color vision; cells located in the thalamus; red-green, black-white, blue-yellow

75
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals

Psychology (12 decks)

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