Memory Flashcards
Sensory Memory
Initial recording of sensory information
Short-Term Memory
Conscious processing of information; 7 +- 2 items; 20-30 seconds
Long-Term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless
Encoding
Input of memory
Rehearsal
Effortful learning requires rehearsal
Mnemonics
Memory aids
Method of Loci
Items are mentally associated with specific physical locations
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; acronyms are a type of chunking
Hierarchy
Broad concepts are subdivided into categories
Explicit Memory
Facts and Experience
Implicit Memory
How to do things
Retrieval Cues
Anchors (words, places, emotions, etc.) that help retrieve memory
Priming (William James)
To retrieve a specific memory, activate one of the strands
Context Effects
Improved recall of specific episodes of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
Deja Vu
Cues from the current situation subconsciously trigger retrieval
Mood-congruent Memory
Recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
State-dependent Memory
High, drunk, or depressed
Encoding Failure
Original information was not encoding correctly
Retrieval Failure
Information cannot be accused
Interference
Learning some information may disrupt retrieval of other information
Proactive Interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive Interference
Disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
Repression
Banishes anxiety from consciousness
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory
Source Amnesia
Attributing something in our memory to the wrong source
Flashbulb Memory
Highly emotional moment; clear, strong, and persistent memory
