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Anatomy and Physiology > Sem 2 - midterm > Flashcards

Sem 2 - midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal hemocrit value?

A

Females: 36-44%
Males: 41-50%

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2
Q

What is the name for high hemocrit? What can cause this?

A

Polycythemia or erythrocytosis

Dehydration, smoking, living at high altitudes or heart or lung diseases can cause high hemocrit

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3
Q

What is low hemocrit called? What causes this?

A

Anemia

Hemorrhage, inadequate RBC production and iron or other nutrient deficiencies

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4
Q

How would you convert the hemocrit % to mL value?

A

Each % is one mL of RBC present in 100mL of blood

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5
Q

What is the approximate average weight difference between a man and women’s heart?

A

Male heart tend to weight 106g more than females.
Male: 331
Female: 245

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6
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The buffy coat is a layer of WBC and platelets in between the plasma and RBC in a centrifuged sample

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7
Q

In a centrifuged sample what are the % values of plasma, buffy coat and RBC?

A

Plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: <1%
RBC: 45%

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8
Q

What is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

The epicardium

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9
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is closest to the heart?

A

The visceral layer

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10
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is furthest from the heart?

A

The parietal layer

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11
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Heart strings that connect the papillary muscles to the mitral and tricuspid valves in the heart

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC?

A

Neutrophils (Never)
Lymphocytes (Let)
Monocytes (Monkeys)
Eosinophils (Eat)
Basophils (Bananas)

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13
Q

Define atrial systole & name its EKG wave with polorazation/depolarization

A

Atrial contraction forces blood into the ventricles.
P-wave
Atrial depolarization (contraction)

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14
Q

Define ventricular systole (first phase) & name its EKG wave with polorazation/depolarization

A

Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed
QRS complex
Ventricle depolarization (contraction)

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15
Q

Define ventricular systole (second phase) & name its EKG wave with polorazation/depolarization

A

Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
T-wave
Ventricular repolarization (resting)

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16
Q

What is U-wave?

A

U-wave is sometimes seen on an EKG after the T-wave. It is not fully understood but is thought to be the last phase on ventricular repolarization. It is not always seen but it is benign

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17
Q

Define ventricular diastole

A

Chambers relax and blood fills ventricles passively

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18
Q

Define systole vs diastole

A

Systole: contraction
Diastole: relaxation

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19
Q

How many valves does the heart have?

A

4

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20
Q

What are the AV valves?

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves

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21
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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22
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

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23
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve (mitral)

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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24
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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25
Where is the aortic valve
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
26
Which WBC are involved in phagocytosis?
Monocytes and macrophages (neutrophils)
27
What are megakaryoblasts and what do they do?
They are a large single precursors cell found in the bone marrow. It turns into megakaryocytes which later turn into platelets
28
What is a normal RBC count?
4.2-6.1 million cells per microliter
29
What are granulocytes? Which WBC are granulocytes?
WBC that have a protein granule in them. They are more common than agranulocytes Neutrophils (No) Eosinophils (Evil) Basophils (Bananas)
30
What are agranulocytes? What WBC are agranulocytes?
WBC that lack visible protein granules. Lymphocytes (Lame) Monocytes (Monkeys)
31
What are the nodes of the heart and their ranges? Answer with hierarchy
SA node: 60-100bpm - initiates and regulates HR and signals atria to contract AV node: 40-60bpm - coordinates and prevents rapid arrhythmias Bundle of His (Purkinje Fibers): 20-40bpm - enables coordinated heart contractions
32
Define "erythropoiesis"
Production of RBC
33
What is the most common phagocytes?
Neutrophils and macrophages No More (Bacteria)
34
What is the cisterna chyli?
It is a lymphatic sac located in thorax. It is the origin of the thoracic duct and is a resivoir for lymphatic fluid (chyle)
35
What is chyle?
Milky, odorless fluid formed in the small intestine during fat digestion. It is composed of lymph and emulsified fats
36
Where do lymph nodes drain into
Lymph nodes drain towards the thoracic duct and into the subclavian vein
37
What are the 3 types of tonsils and their locations?
Lingual tonsil (tongue) Palatine/faucial tonsil (top back of palate) Pharyngeal/adenoid tonsils (in the sinus back) Technically there's a fourth but it is not covered in this course
38
Which of the tonsils is commonly removed in a tonsilectomy?
Palatine tonsils
39
What do lymph nodes produce?
Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells)
40
What are inflammatory mediators? Give examples
Molecules released by the body in response to injury or infection. Cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamines
41
What is first line defence?
Nonspecific immunity such as mechanical or chemical barriers like the skin or mucous
42
What are second line defenses?
Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, proteins, natural killer cells
43
What is third line defence?
Specific immunity: B-cells and T-cells
44
Where is the thymus? What does it do? Size change?
The thymus is located above the heart and plays a role in immunity by producing and maturing immune cells. It is larger when you are young and gets smaller as you age
45
What are some differences between the lymphatics and veins?
Lymphatics have lymph nodes, have thinner wall and are an open-system
46
What are lacteals?
Lacteals are little lymphatic capillaries that act as villi in the intestinal system and fats and fat soluble vitamins bringing them into the lymphatic system for distribution.
47
What are the lymphatic organs?
Lymphatics, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and tonsils
48
How is lymph propelled through the body?
Movement (muscle pump), respiration and one way valves
49
What are interferons?
Proteins released in response to pathogens and triggers and immune response in the body
50
Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function?
Hydrochloric Acid
51
What do lymph nodes do?
Filtering lymph fluid and trapping harmful substances like bacteria and cancer cells, and containing immune cells that help fight infection
52
What does the spleen do?
Filters blood and produces WBC for fighting infections
53
What do the tonsils do?
Help fight infection by trapping germs
54
The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid
Lower; proteins
55
What bone makes up the cribriform palate? What does it do?
Ethmoid bone Allows olfactory bulbs to pass through and separates the sinus from the brain
56
What organs are in the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, nasal cavity, sinus, mouth, pharynx and larynx
57
What are the organs of the lower respiratory system?
Trachea bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
58
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale from their lungs after a maximal inhalation.
59
What is Boyle's law?
If you squeeze a gas into a smaller space, its pressure goes up. If you let it expand, the pressure goes down. In simple terms: Smaller space → More pressure. Bigger space → Less pressure
60
What is the respiratory membrane?
The thin membrane in the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
61
What is average atmospheric pressure?
760 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
62
What are the differences between the right and left bronchus?
The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left. The left is narrower, longer, and more horizontal
63
Contraction is repolarization or depolarization?
Depolarization
64
Relaxation is repolarization or depolarization?
Repolarization
65
Lymph nodes make what what type of blood cell?
Lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells)
66
When is the thymus biggest?
During puberty
67
When does the thymus start to shrink?
After puberty
68
What is a peyer patch?
Lymphoid nodules in the small intestine
69
Which cells use specific imminity?
B-cells and T-cells
70
Which cells use non-specific immunity?
Macrophages, neutrophils and natural killer cells
71
What is the pigment component of hemoglobin?
Heme
72
How is heme excreted after it is "recycled"?
It is excreted as bilirubin in bile
73
Which WBC is crucial for adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes
74
What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocytes?
Leukocytes: refer to all WBC Lymphocytes: specific type of WBC; B and T cells
75
Which WBC respond to allergens and parasitic infections?
Eosinophils and basophils
76
What proteins are found in plasma?
Fibrinogen, albumin and globulins
77
What do fibrinogen's do in platelets?
They play a key role in clotting
78
What does albumin do in platelets?
Maintains osmotic pressure
79
What do globulins do in platelets?
Important in the immune response
80
How is blood type determined?
By antigens on red blood cells
81
What is difference between Rh factor and antigens?
Rh makes a blood type - or + Antigens determine blood type (A, B, AB, O)
82
The SA node is also known as what?
The pacemaker
83
What do peyers patches do?
They aid in gut immunity
84
What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?
Warms, filters and moistens incoming air
85
What is surfactant and what does it do?
Reduces surface tension in the lungs which is essential for efficient gas exchange
86
What is lymphokinetic action?
Muscular contraction and valves ensures unidirectional lymph flow
87
Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature.
Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature.

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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