Sem 2 final Flashcards
1
Q
What is the order of the sections of the small intestine?
A
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum (Don’t Jack It)
2
Q
How much is filtered by the kidneys every day?
A
180L
3
Q
What is the absorbing lining of the intestine called?
A
Brush border
4
Q
What do the folds of the stomach secrete?
A
Mucous, HCl and digestive enzymes
5
Q
The digestive tract is considered internal or external?
A
External
6
Q
What are the muscles of mastication?
A
Tongue, masseter, supra and inferior hyoid muscles
7
Q
How long does food stay in the stomach on average?
A
2 hours (1-3oz per min exits)
8
Q
How is stomach acid neutralized?
A
By the sodium bicarbonate released by the bile duct
9
Q
How is fat broken down?
A
Bile salts
10
Q
What is segmentation?
A
The process where food bolus is moved back and forth during peristalsis
11
Q
Which gland gives most of the saliva to the mouth?
A
Parotid glands (70%)
12
Q
Where is CSF formed?
A
Choroid plexus
13
Q
CO2 is the by-product of what?
A
Cellular respiration
14
Q
Where does most of the absorption happen in the digestive system?
A
The duodenum
15
Q
How many liters of blood circulate per minute?
A
4-6L
16
Q
What is pleursy?
A
Inflammation of the pleural space
17
Q
What is one respiratory cycle?
A
1 inhalation + 1 exhalation
18
Q
What is emphysema?
A
Overexpanded alveoli that can’t get rid of air properly
19
Q
What are the 4 sections of the large intestine?
A
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
20
Q
What does the large intestine do?
A
Absorbs water and electrolytes, synthesis of vitamins (by intestinal bacteria), temporary waste storage and elimination of waste
21
Q
Where is the hepatic juncture of the intestine?
A
Right side
22
Q
Where is the splenic junction of the intestine?
A
Left side
23
Q
Describe the path of CSF
A
Enters the ventricles of the brain, mixes with interstitial fluid and drains through the cervical plexus
24
Q
True or false: there is always dead space in the respiratory tract
A
True
25
Signs of left sided heart failure:
Blue and cold, shit capillaries in the lungs, slower circulation, fluid buildup, pulmonary edema
26
Signs of right sided heart failure:
JVD, edema, enlarged liver (due to fluid buildup), decrease filtration in liver and high in liver enzymes
27
Name heart failure treatment interventions
Diuretics, limited fluid intake, beta-b blockers, gentle activity (walking/moving arms), limit sympathetic stimulation
28
How do beta-blockers help the heart?
Block the sympathetic nervous system stimulation
29
What are the common causes of intestinal obstructions?
Tumors, blockages and twisted bowel
30
Where is the most common location for intestinal obstructions?
At the junctions of the large intestine
31
Non-surgical interventions for bowel blockage?
Intestinal massage and enemas
32
What direction is used for intestinal massage?
Counter-clockwise. Can cause damage going clockwise
33
What is preload?
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic pressure)
34
What is afterload?
Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood (higher afterload means higher cardiac workload)
35
What is a normal ejection fraction?
55-70%
36
What does a low ejection fraction indicate? What is a low ejection fracture?
Heart failure, less than 40%
37
What does a high ejection fraction indicate? What is a high ejection fracture?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (increased risk for sudden cardiac arrest). 75%+
38
What is the average amount of blood someone would have?
5L (4-6L)
39
What is the average duration of a cardiac cycle?
Under .8 of a second
40
What are accessory digestive organs?
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas
41
What does the liver do?
Synthesis of bile salts, secretion of bile, synthesis of plasma proteins, storage of glucose and fat-soluble vitamins, detox, excretes bilirubin and cholesterol, metabolizes cards, proteins and fats, some phagocytosis
42
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile salts
43
How are bile salts released?
Fat causes duodenum to releases CCK which causes the gallbladder to contract and eject bile through the biliary tree and into the intestine
44
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes endocrine and exocrine substances, secretes digestive enzymes, bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
45
What is amalase?
Enzyme that digests carbs
46
What is lipase?
Enzyme that digests fats
47
What is proteases?
Enzyme that digests proteins and turns them into absorbable amino-acids
48
What is trypsin?
A protease
49
What are the 2 types of amalayse?
Salivary and pancreatic, pancreatic being stronger
50
How are proteins digested?
HCl unravels strands of proteins and then proteases digest the proteins into amino acids that are absorbed by the villi
51
How are fats digested?
Bile splits the fat down and makes it water soluble which are then digested by lipase and absorbed by lacteals
52
What are the organs of extretion?
Kindneys, sweat glands, lungs, intestines, bladder
53
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
54
What organ makes urine?
Kidneys
55
What does the kidney do?
Regulate blood volume and electrolytes, regulates acid-base balance, excrete nitrogenous waste, regulate BP, regulate RBC production
56
What is uremia?
Blood in urine
57
Diagnostic testing for kidney failure?
Measuring GFR and levels of urea and creatine in urine
58
What is a nephron unit?
It is the functional unit of the kidney. Can be renal tubules or renal blood vessels
59
How much urine in the bladder causes urgency?
1/4c - 1/2c
60
What is the volume of the bladder?
800ml-ish
61
How many times does the normal adult void?
4-8 times a day
62
What do renal pyramids and columns do?
Urine formation
63
What is the path of formed urine?
Calyx>renal pelvis>ureter>bladder
64
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
65
Normal range of urine pH?
5-8pH
66
What does the nitrogenous excrement of the kidneys turn into?
Ammonia (in urine)
67
What are the 3 steps of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
68
What is normal GFR?
Glomerular filtration rate
180L water/24hr
125mL water/minute
69
Describe the relationship between BP and GFR
As BP lowers so does blood flow to the kidneys, which causes GFR and urinary output to decrease
70
What is a urinary output of less than 400ml in 24hr called?
Oliguric. Being oliguric can cause renal damage (such as acute tubular necrosis)
71
Where does most kidney reabsorption occur?
Proximal convoluted tubule
72
What is the reabsorption rate of sodium in the kidneys?
>99%
73
What is the reabsorption rate of water in the kidneys?
>99%
74
What is the reabsorption rate of glucose in the kidneys?
100%
75
What is the reabsorption rate of urea in the kidneys?
50%
76
What is the reabsorption rate of creatinine in the kidneys?
0%
77
What is the average amount of urine excreted every day?
1.5L
78
What is aldosterone's relationship with the urinary system?
It increases sodium and water reabsorption (which increases blood volume and BP)
79
What is renin? What does it do?
Renin is released by the kidneys when blood pressure is low. It stimulates the release of aldosterone
80
What does antidiuretic hormone do?
It is released by the posterior gland in response to low blood volume or concentration (of something) which decreases the excretion of water causing concentrated urine
81
What is polyuria?
Output of greater than 1.5L of urine excreted in 24hr
82
What is the urethra length in females vs males?
1.5in for women, 8in for men
83
What are some secreted substances (in urine)
Potassium, hydrogen, uric acid, ammonia and drugs
84
What is aldosterone?
Salt retaining hormone
85
What renin?
Product used to stimulate the production of aldosterone
86
Which is heavier: urine or water?
Urine
87
What are the two categories of reasons that someone may pass no urine?
Urinary retention (urine is made but not released; blockage, neurological) and renal suppression (urine not being made by kidneys; kidney failure)
88
What is micturition?
Urinating
89
E. Coli makes up what % of all UTIs?
80%+
90
What are the 3 types of lower UTI?
Cystitis (bladder), protitis (prostate) and urethritis (urethra)
91
Why are neutrophils the WBC for UTI?
Because they're the most common around the body
92
What is a biofilm?
A colony of bacteria
93
Why are UTIs more common in pregnancy?
Progesterone relaxes muscles and causes stagnantation
94
What is dysuria?
Pain with urination
95
What are the 3 key signs of upper UTI?
Vomiting, flank pain and fever
96
What is the difference between a complicated UTI and un-complicated UTI?
Un-complicated: normal urinary structures and renal function
Complicated: abnormal urinary structures or renal function
97
What is are the hormones that the kidneys produce?
Erythropoietin & renin. (And others but they were not covered in class)
98
True or false: the urinary system doesn't play a role in RBC production
False: the kidneys product erythropoietin
