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Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen makes up what percent of the human body?

A

65%

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2
Q

Carbon makes up what percent of the human body?

A

18.5%

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3
Q

Nitrogen makes up what percent of the human body?

A

3.2%

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3
Q

Hydrogen makes up what percent of the human body?

A

9.5%

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4
Q

Nitrogen molecules are what size? (Small, medium or large)

A

Large

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5
Q

Trace elements are what?

A

Elements that are present in tiny amounts that essential to life

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6
Q

Subatomic particles are what?

A

Protons, neutrons and electrons

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7
Q

What makes an atom unstable?

A

Not having a full valence electron shell

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8
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Hydrogen, covalent and ionic

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9
Q

Define “electrolyte”

A

When ions dissolve in water

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10
Q

Calcium (Ca2+) allows for what functions in the body?

A

Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Bone and teeth density/strength

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11
Q

Hydrogen (H+) does what in the body?

A

Stimulates the ETC which creates ATP
Acid-base balance of the blood

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12
Q

Sodium (Na+) does what in the body?

A

Permits fluid balance
Nerve & muscle function

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13
Q

Iron (Fe2+) does what in the body?

A

Component of hemoglobin (RBC) that allows the transportation of O2

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14
Q

Potassium does what in the body?

A

Allows nerve and muscle function

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15
Q

Ammonium (NH4+) does what in the body?

A

Acid-base regulation of the urinary cycle

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16
Q

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) does what in the body?

A

Acid-base regulation (Alkalinity)

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17
Q

Phosphate (PO4(3-)) does what in the body?

A

Hardens bones and teeth
Key component of ATP

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18
Q

What is the chemical difference between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP has 3 phosphorus atoms (Adenosine-TRI-phosphate)
ADP has 2 phosphorus atoms (Adenosine-DI-phosphate)

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19
Q

What happens to ADP during ATP synthase?

A

It gains a phosphorus atom and becomes ATP

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20
Q

What is dissasociation/ionization?

A

When an electrolyte breaks apart in a solution

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21
Q

A molecule is what?

A

2 or more atoms bound together (Example: O2)

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22
Q

A compound is what?

A

2 or more different atoms bound together (Example: H2O)

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23
Q

IVD stands for what?

A

Intervertebral disk

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24
Q

Air is made up of what % oxygen?

A

~21%

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25
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that is a catalyst

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26
Q

Blood is slightly what? (in regards to pH)

A

Basic/alkaline (7.35-7.45)

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27
Q

What are the 6 forms of energy?

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Radiant
Thermal
Nuclear

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28
Q

ATP is a(n) ____________ transport molecule

A

An energy transport molecule

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29
Q

Spent ATP turns into what?

A

ADP

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30
Q

What is the primary source of ATP? (Think food)

A

Carbohydrates

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31
Q

ATP is made up of what 3 chemical components?

A

Base
Sugar
Phosphate group

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32
Q

Approximately how many DNA base-pairs are in the human body?

A

3 billion

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33
Q

Atomic number is what?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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34
Q

Mass number is what?

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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35
Q

Unstable/heavy isotopes are what?

A

Radioactive

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36
Q

What is a half life?

A

The time it takes for half of a sample to decay

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37
Q

An isotope with more than the usual number of neutrons is called?

A

A heavy isotope

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38
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with an electric charge

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39
Q

A positively charged ion is called what?

A

A cation

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40
Q

A negatively charged ion is called what?

A

An anion

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41
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A close association between ions of an opposite charge

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42
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When two atoms share electrons

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43
Q

What is the strongest type of chemical bond?

A

Covalent

44
Q

What is the weakest type of chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen

45
Q

What is a nonpolar bond?

A

A covalent bond that has equal sharing of electrons

46
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A covalent bond that has unequal sharing of electrons

47
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy powering any type of matter in motion (Now energy)

48
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy potential that exists because of the positioning or structure of its components

49
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Potential energy stored within chemical bonds

50
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

The joining of components that were formerly separate

51
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Breaking down into smaller parts

52
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

When both synthesis and decomposition reactions occur

53
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The threshold of energy needed to break bonds in reactants

54
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

A substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

55
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A substance that contains both hydrogen and carbon

56
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A heavy solution that consists of tiny clumps of molecules large enough to make a mixture opaque

57
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A mixture which a heavier substance is temporarily suspended in liquid

58
Q

How are salts formed?

A

When ions form ionic bonds

59
Q

When salts disassociate they turn into what?

A

Ions (that are electrolytes)

60
Q

A substance that releases H+ ions in a solution is called what?

A

An acid

61
Q

A substance that releases OH- ions in a solution or accept H+ ions is called what?

A

A base

62
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds

63
Q

A carbohydrate is composed of what 3 elements?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

64
Q

Saccharides means what?

A

Sugars

65
Q

What are monosacchirides?

A

Monomers of carbohydrates

66
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers which consist of hundreds++ monomers

67
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Pair of monosaccharides formed via dehydration synthesis. They have glycosidic bonds

68
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids via dehydration sysnthesis

69
Q

Atomic number is composed of what?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

70
Q

Mass number is composed of what?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

71
Q

Where are protons found?

A

In the nucleus of an atom

72
Q

Where are neutrons found?

A

In the nucleus of an atom

73
Q

Where are protons found?

A

Orbiting the nucleus of an atom

74
Q

What is activation energy?

A

A threshold of energy that must be overcome for a reaction to happen. Equivalent to the energy within a reactions reactants

75
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Energy stored within chemical bonds, released when those bonds are broken

76
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy possessed due to motion

77
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy possessed due to the structure of position of something

78
Q

What are the 2 types of ionic bonds?

A

Polar and non-polar

79
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between a cation and anion

80
Q

What is a polar ionic bond?

A

Unequal distribution of electrons, it causes the bond to have a partial positive and partial negative charge on each end

81
Q

What is a non-polar ionic bond?

A

Equal distribution of electrons

82
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons to complete valence shells

83
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak intramolecular bond due to dipole-dipole forces

84
Q

Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb are called what?

A

Exergonic

85
Q

Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release are called what?

A

Endergonic

86
Q

True or false: normal body temperature is hot enough to promote the chemical reactions that sustain life?

A

False: the body requires catalysts to promote the chemical reactions that sustain life

87
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Increases the rate of change in a reaction without undergoing any change itself/lowering the activation energy needed to start the process

88
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A catalyst formed of proteins/RNA

89
Q

How are salts formed?

A

When ions form ionic bonds

90
Q

Salts disassociate into what ions when put in water?

A

Ions other than H+ and OH-

91
Q

What are some functions that salts have in the body?

A

Becoming electrolytes, bile salts (digestion) or phosphate salts (for teeth and bones)

92
Q

Carbon typically forms bonds by what type of bonding?

A

Covalent

93
Q

Carbon most commonly gorms bonds with which element?

A

Carbon

94
Q

What are the 5 functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Methyl
Phosphate

95
Q

Explain what the importance of a hydroxyl group is

A

Polar, involved in both dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, component of all four types of organic compounds

96
Q

Explain what the importance of a carboxyl group is

A

Found within fatty acids, amino acids and many other acids

97
Q

Explain what the importance of an amino group is

A

Found within amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

98
Q

Explain what the importance of a methyl group is

A

Found within amino acids

99
Q

Explain what the importance of a phosphate group is

A

Found within nucleotides and phospholipids

100
Q

What does macromolecule refer to?

A

Any large molecule

101
Q

How do monomers form polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

102
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen is always in a 2 to 1 ratio (think H2O)

103
Q

Carbohydrates are also referred to as what?

A

Saccharides

104
Q

Saccharides mean what?

A

Sugars

105
Q

What are the 3 types of saccharies?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharides

106
Q

How does the body use dissacharides?

A

The body splits them into their component monosaccharides via hydrolysis

107
Q

Lipids are made up mostly of what?

A

Hydrocarbons

108
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) (4 decks)

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