Bones Flashcards
1
Q
The skeletal system is composed of what?
A
Bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments
2
Q
What purpose does the skeletal system serve?
A
Structure, support, movement, RBC production, protection, mineral storage
3
Q
What is the hollow of the bones called?
A
Medullary cavity
4
Q
What is the outside of the bone called?
A
Periosteum
5
Q
Give an example of a flat bone?
A
Brain cavity bones, ribs or sternum
6
Q
True or false: the body can turn yellow bone marrow back into red bone marrow?
A
True
7
Q
Give an example of a long bone
A
Most bones in the body. Tibia, fibia,, ect…
8
Q
Give an example of an irregular bone
A
Vertebrae
9
Q
Give an example of a short bone
A
Carpal
10
Q
Mature bone cells are called what?
A
Osteocytes
11
Q
Osteons make up what type of shape?
A
Tree rings
12
Q
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
A
Diaphysis
13
Q
What are the ends of a long bone called?
A
Epiphysis
14
Q
What are growth plates called?
A
Epiphyseal discs/plates
15
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
The fibrous sheath of a bone where ligaments connect to
16
Q
What are 3 hormones that impact growth?
A
Estrogen, testosterone and growth hormone
17
Q
Give an example of intramembranous ossification
A
Hardening of the flat bones in the skull
18
Q
What is an example of endochondral ossification?
A
The replacement of connective tissue with bone in all parts of the body other than the flat bones of the skull
19
Q
Osteoblasts lay down what?
A
Bones and calcium
20
Q
Osteoclasts do what?
A
Take down & reabsorb damaged bones
21
Q
What is the biggest seasemoid bone?
A
Kneecap/popliteal
22
Q
An incomplete fracture is also called what?
A
A greenstick fracture
23
Q
What is the only bone not attached to another bone?
A
Hyloid
24
Q
What is included in the axial skeleton?
A
Head, spine, ribs, sacrum & coccyx
25
How many vertebrae are in section C?
7
26
Which vertebrae keep the diaphragm alive?
C3,4,5
27
How many vertebrae are in the T section?
12
28
How many vertebrae are in the L section?
5
29
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?
5
30
How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?
2-4 fused vertebrae
31
Main bones of the skull?
Mandible, maxillary, frontal, nasal, temporal, sphenoid, occipital and zygomatic
32
Where is the foramen magnum?
The hole in the bottom of the head
33
The palette is formed by what bones?
Maxilla and palette
34
What are the 4 sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoidal, phenoidal and maxillary
35
What are fontanels?
Baby soft spots / skull bones that are not yet ossified
36
What are the 4 curves of a normal spine?
L,K,L,K (Lordosis & Kyphosis)
37
What type of motion does the atlas enable?
Nodding/yes
38
What type of motion does the axis enable?
Rotation/no
39
Which section of the spine has the lowest rotational ability?
The thoracic spine, it is connected to the ribs which limit rotation
40
What is the vertebral foramen?
The hole in vertebrae
41
How many sets ribs do we have? How many are true ribs? False? Floating?
Total ribs: 12
True: 7
False: 3
Floating: 2
42
What is the definition of a false rib?
A rib that is connected to the sternum using the cartilage of another rib
43
What are the 5 components of the sternum?
Xiphoid process, suprasternal notch, sternomanubrial joint, costal angle (diaphragm), costal margin
44
What does condyle mean?
Large knob/protusion
45
What does head mean?
Enlarged, rounded end - generally articulates to a synovial joint
46
What does facet mean?
Small flattened surface
47
What does crest mean?
Ridge i.e. iliac crest (of the hips)
48
What does spine mean?
Sharp projection (spinus process/pokey on the neck)
49
What does tuberosity mean?
Knoblike projection (knee where Osgood Schlattners presents)
50
What does trochanter mean?
Large tuberosity, only found on the femur (bump on top of femur... inner)
51
What does foramen mean?
Opening - usually a passage for nerves, blood vessels or ligaments
52
What does fossa mean?
Groove (iliac fossa is an example)
53
What does meatus mean?
Tunnel or tubelike passageway (urethra, where brainstem does)
54
What does sinus mean?
Cavity or hollow space
55
Where is the hook of hamate?
Base of the hand, touching the ring and pinky metacarpals
56
Why is the hook of hamate important?
Key landmarking - can be felt easily
57
What lubricates food in the digestive tract?
Mucous
58
True or false, bones are dead
False
59
What is the process of making red blood cells called?
Hemapotosis
60
Where are red blood cells made?
In the red bone marrow in the medullary cavities
61
What are the structures of spongey bone called?
Traebeculi
62
What is found in the central canals of bones?
Blood vessels and nerves
63
What are lacunae?
Little gaps between osteon rings
64
What are found in lacunae?
Osteocytes
65
Osteoblasts are what?
Bone makers
66
Osteoclasts are what?
Bone breakers
67
What two types of osteo cells work together to regenerate bone?
Osteoblasts & osteoclasts
68
What is apoptosis?
When osteoclasts kill themselves
69
What 2 joints have the greatest range of motion?
Shoulders and hips
70
What is an example of a slightly movable joint?
Gum fossa
71
What is an example of an immovable joint?
Plates in skull, sacrum and coccyx
72
What is an example of an articulating joint?
Pretty much any joint
73
Where is the acromioclavicular joint?
Between the clavicle and scapula
74
Where is the tibiofemoral joint?
The knee
75
Where is the humeroulnar joint?
The elbow
76
Where is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Knuckles
77
Where is the coxal joint?
Hips
78
Where is the acetabulum?
Hip socket
79
What is the greatest range of motion (term)?
Circumduction
80
How many bones are in the neck and torso?
80
81
How many bones are in the appendicular regions?
126
82
The knee is an example of what type of joint?
Synovial hinge joint
83
What is swelling of the fluid knee joint called?
Effusion
84
The patella has what kind of cartilage?
Hyline
85
The meniscus disks are what?
Shock absorbers and heal like shit
86
What does the popliteal muscle do?
Allows rotation of the knee joint
87
Where is the popliteal muscle?
Back of the knee connecting femur and tibia
88
What is dorsiflextion?
Pulling toes up
89
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing toes does
90
Which section of the spine has the greatest range of motion?
C-spine, thanks to the atlas and axis
91
The sacral vertebrae articulate with what?
The hips
92
Where is the temporal mandibular joint?
Front, under the ears. TMJ
93
Where is the sphenoid bone?
Behind the eyesocket's bump on the side of the head
94
Where is lacrimimnal bone?
The tearduct
95
Where is the glenoid cavity?
Scapula where the shoulder connects
96
Acromion is the shelf for what?
The clavicle
97
The medial (vertebral) border of the scapula is where what connects?
Muscles
98
The lateral border of the scapula attaches to what?
The rotor cuff
99
Lesser and greater tubercules are landmarks for what?
Muscle attachement
100
What attaches to the intertubercular grove?
Tendons
101
What attaches to the deltoid tuberosity?
Deltoid muscle
102
What side of the hand is the ulna on?
Medial/little finger
103
What is the other name for the scaphoid bone?
Navicular
104
Give two pieces of information about the navicular
It is the most common broken bone in FOOSH injury and it has a blood supply running through it
105
Where is the lunate?
Medial side, next to ulna
106
Where is the navicular?
Lateral side/thumb side, next to radius
107
Where is the pisiform bone?
Medial, next to pinky and hook of hamate
108
What 3 bones make up the acetabulum?
Iliac, pubic and ischium
109
True or false: the skeletal system helps with transportation
True
110
What is the relationship between the thyroid and skeletal system?
Thyroid gland plays a role in blood calcium
111
How many bones are in the skull?
22
112
What are the 7 features of the temporal bone?
External acoustic meatus (ear canal)
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa (dip where mandible sits)
Zygomatic process
Squamous portion (flat part)
Articular tubercle (bump off the zygomatic process)
113
Where are your metacarpals?
Between carpals and phalanges
114
What is the name of the only movable bone in the skull?
Mandible
115
Where is the sphenoid bone?
Superior to the zygomatic arch and posterior to the zygomatic bone
116
What are the names of the cranial fossa?
Anterior, middle and posterior
117
What is the vertebral arch?
The back pokey part of the vertabrae
118
What is the transverse process?
The side pokey part on the vertabrae
119
What is the vertebral body?
The smooth section
120
What is an intervertebral foramen?
Hole between vertebrae, only seen from the side
121
What are the 2 section of a spinal disc?
Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
122
How can you identify a cervical vertabrae?
They are smaller, y-shaped spinous process, u-shaped transverse process with transverse foramen
123
How can you identify a thoracic vertabrae?
They have sites for rib attachment, long spinous process (tails), circle facet for ribs
124
How can you identify a lumbar vertebrae?
Large and thick
125
Where is the anterior longitudinal ligamnet?
Anterior side of spine
126
Where is the external occipital protuberance?
Medial posterior on the occipital
127
Where is the supraspinous ligament?
Posterior side of spine, connects T and L
128
Where is the nuchal ligament?
Nape, also related to supraspinous ligament
129
Where is the ligamentum flavum?
Connects lamina regions to adjacent vertabrae
130
Where is the jugular notch?
Top of sternum
131
Where is the xiphoid process?
Bottom of the sternum
132
Where is the acromial end?
End of the clavicle that attaches to the shoulder
133
What is the only long bone that lies horizontally?
The clavicle
134
What does the costoclavicular ligament support?
The sternoclavicular joint
135
What does costo mean?
Rib
136
Where is the suprascapular notch?
Top dip of the scapula
137
Where is the coracoid process?
Front lateral of the scapula
138
What does fossa mean?
Depression
139
Where are the epicondyles?
End of bones ie the humerus
140
Where is the trochlear notch?
Proximal end of ulna
141
What is the plural of phalange?
Phalanx
142
The fingers and thumb contain how many bones?
14
143
What is the endosteum?
The inner lining of the medullary cavity
144
Where are sesamoid bones developed?
Within tendons
145
What do osteogenic cells do?
Undergo division to form osteoblasts
146
What do osteocytes do?
They are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
147
What do periosteal arteries do?
Supply the outer layers of bone with blood
148
What do epiphyseal veins do?
Return blood from the longbones
149
When does bone "length" growth happen?
During childhood and adolescence within the epiphyseal plates
150
When does bone remodeling happen?
Continually throughout life
151
What are 3 factors that impact bone growth?
Stress, vitamins/minerals and hormones
152
What is PHT?
Parathyroid hormone
153
What does PHT do?
Increases osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium levels
154
What does calcitonin do?
Inhibits osteoclasts promotion calcium deposition into bone, lowers blood calcium levels
155
Bone tissue can be described as what?
Dense, hard connective tissue
156
What is found in areas of movement?
Cartiledge
157
What is the most common type of bone in the body?
Long bones
158
Long bones enable movement by what method?
Leverage
159
The diaphysis is made of what?
Compact bone
160
What are the 2 types of osteo cells not capable of mitosis?
Osteoblasts and osteocytes
161
What cell does not originate from osteoenic cells?
Osteoclasts
162
Where do osteocytes come from?
Osteoblasts
163
Where do osteoclasts come from?
Differentiated osteocytes
164
Cartledge and bones are both produced by what kind of cells?
Mesenchymal cells
165
Give an example of hard/compact bone
Osteons, the shafts of long bones
166
Give an example of spongey/soft bone
Trabecular plates, bone marrow
167
What are the epiphyseal discs?
Growth plates
168
What are epiphyseal plates made of?
Cartilage until they mineralize in adulthood where they become bone
169
What is the diaphysis?
Shaft of longbones
170
What is the epiphysis?
The ends/heads of longbones
171
What is articular cartilage?
Cartilage that covers the bones where they come together (ie end of knee)
172
