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Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system is composed of what?

A

Bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments

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2
Q

What purpose does the skeletal system serve?

A

Structure, support, movement, RBC production, protection, mineral storage

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3
Q

What is the hollow of the bones called?

A

Medullary cavity

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4
Q

What is the outside of the bone called?

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

Give an example of a flat bone?

A

Brain cavity bones, ribs or sternum

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6
Q

True or false: the body can turn yellow bone marrow back into red bone marrow?

A

True

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7
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Most bones in the body. Tibia, fibia,, ect…

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8
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae

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9
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpal

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10
Q

Mature bone cells are called what?

A

Osteocytes

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11
Q

Osteons make up what type of shape?

A

Tree rings

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12
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

What are the ends of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

What are growth plates called?

A

Epiphyseal discs/plates

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15
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The fibrous sheath of a bone where ligaments connect to

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16
Q

What are 3 hormones that impact growth?

A

Estrogen, testosterone and growth hormone

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17
Q

Give an example of intramembranous ossification

A

Hardening of the flat bones in the skull

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18
Q

What is an example of endochondral ossification?

A

The replacement of connective tissue with bone in all parts of the body other than the flat bones of the skull

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19
Q

Osteoblasts lay down what?

A

Bones and calcium

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20
Q

Osteoclasts do what?

A

Take down & reabsorb damaged bones

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21
Q

What is the biggest seasemoid bone?

A

Kneecap/popliteal

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22
Q

An incomplete fracture is also called what?

A

A greenstick fracture

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23
Q

What is the only bone not attached to another bone?

A

Hyloid

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24
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

Head, spine, ribs, sacrum & coccyx

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25
Q

How many vertebrae are in section C?

A

7

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26
Q

Which vertebrae keep the diaphragm alive?

A

C3,4,5

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27
Q

How many vertebrae are in the T section?

A

12

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28
Q

How many vertebrae are in the L section?

A

5

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29
Q

How many vertebrae are in the S section?

A

5

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30
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?

A

2-4 fused vertebrae

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31
Q

Main bones of the skull?

A

Mandible, maxillary, frontal, nasal, temporal, sphenoid, occipital and zygomatic

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32
Q

Where is the foramen magnum?

A

The hole in the bottom of the head

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33
Q

The palette is formed by what bones?

A

Maxilla and palette

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34
Q

What are the 4 sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, phenoidal and maxillary

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35
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Baby soft spots / skull bones that are not yet ossified

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36
Q

What are the 4 curves of a normal spine?

A

L,K,L,K (Lordosis & Kyphosis)

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37
Q

What type of motion does the atlas enable?

A

Nodding/yes

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38
Q

What type of motion does the axis enable?

A

Rotation/no

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39
Q

Which section of the spine has the lowest rotational ability?

A

The thoracic spine, it is connected to the ribs which limit rotation

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40
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

The hole in vertebrae

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41
Q

How many sets ribs do we have? How many are true ribs? False? Floating?

A

Total ribs: 12
True: 7
False: 3
Floating: 2

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42
Q

What is the definition of a false rib?

A

A rib that is connected to the sternum using the cartilage of another rib

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43
Q

What are the 5 components of the sternum?

A

Xiphoid process, suprasternal notch, sternomanubrial joint, costal angle (diaphragm), costal margin

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44
Q

What does condyle mean?

A

Large knob/protusion

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45
Q

What does head mean?

A

Enlarged, rounded end - generally articulates to a synovial joint

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46
Q

What does facet mean?

A

Small flattened surface

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47
Q

What does crest mean?

A

Ridge i.e. iliac crest (of the hips)

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48
Q

What does spine mean?

A

Sharp projection (spinus process/pokey on the neck)

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49
Q

What does tuberosity mean?

A

Knoblike projection (knee where Osgood Schlattners presents)

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50
Q

What does trochanter mean?

A

Large tuberosity, only found on the femur (bump on top of femur… inner)

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51
Q

What does foramen mean?

A

Opening - usually a passage for nerves, blood vessels or ligaments

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52
Q

What does fossa mean?

A

Groove (iliac fossa is an example)

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53
Q

What does meatus mean?

A

Tunnel or tubelike passageway (urethra, where brainstem does)

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54
Q

What does sinus mean?

A

Cavity or hollow space

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55
Q

Where is the hook of hamate?

A

Base of the hand, touching the ring and pinky metacarpals

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56
Q

Why is the hook of hamate important?

A

Key landmarking - can be felt easily

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57
Q

What lubricates food in the digestive tract?

A

Mucous

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58
Q

True or false, bones are dead

A

False

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59
Q

What is the process of making red blood cells called?

A

Hemapotosis

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60
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

In the red bone marrow in the medullary cavities

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61
Q

What are the structures of spongey bone called?

A

Traebeculi

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62
Q

What is found in the central canals of bones?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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63
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Little gaps between osteon rings

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64
Q

What are found in lacunae?

A

Osteocytes

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65
Q

Osteoblasts are what?

A

Bone makers

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66
Q

Osteoclasts are what?

A

Bone breakers

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67
Q

What two types of osteo cells work together to regenerate bone?

A

Osteoblasts & osteoclasts

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68
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

When osteoclasts kill themselves

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69
Q

What 2 joints have the greatest range of motion?

A

Shoulders and hips

70
Q

What is an example of a slightly movable joint?

A

Gum fossa

71
Q

What is an example of an immovable joint?

A

Plates in skull, sacrum and coccyx

72
Q

What is an example of an articulating joint?

A

Pretty much any joint

73
Q

Where is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Between the clavicle and scapula

74
Q

Where is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

The knee

75
Q

Where is the humeroulnar joint?

A

The elbow

76
Q

Where is the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Knuckles

77
Q

Where is the coxal joint?

A

Hips

78
Q

Where is the acetabulum?

A

Hip socket

79
Q

What is the greatest range of motion (term)?

A

Circumduction

80
Q

How many bones are in the neck and torso?

A

80

81
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular regions?

A

126

82
Q

The knee is an example of what type of joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

83
Q

What is swelling of the fluid knee joint called?

A

Effusion

84
Q

The patella has what kind of cartilage?

A

Hyline

85
Q

The meniscus disks are what?

A

Shock absorbers and heal like shit

86
Q

What does the popliteal muscle do?

A

Allows rotation of the knee joint

87
Q

Where is the popliteal muscle?

A

Back of the knee connecting femur and tibia

88
Q

What is dorsiflextion?

A

Pulling toes up

89
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Pointing toes does

90
Q

Which section of the spine has the greatest range of motion?

A

C-spine, thanks to the atlas and axis

91
Q

The sacral vertebrae articulate with what?

A

The hips

92
Q

Where is the temporal mandibular joint?

A

Front, under the ears. TMJ

93
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Behind the eyesocket’s bump on the side of the head

94
Q

Where is lacrimimnal bone?

A

The tearduct

95
Q

Where is the glenoid cavity?

A

Scapula where the shoulder connects

96
Q

Acromion is the shelf for what?

A

The clavicle

97
Q

The medial (vertebral) border of the scapula is where what connects?

A

Muscles

98
Q

The lateral border of the scapula attaches to what?

A

The rotor cuff

99
Q

Lesser and greater tubercules are landmarks for what?

A

Muscle attachement

100
Q

What attaches to the intertubercular grove?

A

Tendons

101
Q

What attaches to the deltoid tuberosity?

A

Deltoid muscle

102
Q

What side of the hand is the ulna on?

A

Medial/little finger

103
Q

What is the other name for the scaphoid bone?

A

Navicular

104
Q

Give two pieces of information about the navicular

A

It is the most common broken bone in FOOSH injury and it has a blood supply running through it

105
Q

Where is the lunate?

A

Medial side, next to ulna

106
Q

Where is the navicular?

A

Lateral side/thumb side, next to radius

107
Q

Where is the pisiform bone?

A

Medial, next to pinky and hook of hamate

108
Q

What 3 bones make up the acetabulum?

A

Iliac, pubic and ischium

109
Q

True or false: the skeletal system helps with transportation

A

True

110
Q

What is the relationship between the thyroid and skeletal system?

A

Thyroid gland plays a role in blood calcium

111
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

112
Q

What are the 7 features of the temporal bone?

A

External acoustic meatus (ear canal)
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa (dip where mandible sits)
Zygomatic process
Squamous portion (flat part)
Articular tubercle (bump off the zygomatic process)

113
Q

Where are your metacarpals?

A

Between carpals and phalanges

114
Q

What is the name of the only movable bone in the skull?

A

Mandible

115
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

Superior to the zygomatic arch and posterior to the zygomatic bone

116
Q

What are the names of the cranial fossa?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior

117
Q

What is the vertebral arch?

A

The back pokey part of the vertabrae

118
Q

What is the transverse process?

A

The side pokey part on the vertabrae

119
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

The smooth section

120
Q

What is an intervertebral foramen?

A

Hole between vertebrae, only seen from the side

121
Q

What are the 2 section of a spinal disc?

A

Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

122
Q

How can you identify a cervical vertabrae?

A

They are smaller, y-shaped spinous process, u-shaped transverse process with transverse foramen

123
Q

How can you identify a thoracic vertabrae?

A

They have sites for rib attachment, long spinous process (tails), circle facet for ribs

124
Q

How can you identify a lumbar vertebrae?

A

Large and thick

125
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligamnet?

A

Anterior side of spine

126
Q

Where is the external occipital protuberance?

A

Medial posterior on the occipital

127
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament?

A

Posterior side of spine, connects T and L

128
Q

Where is the nuchal ligament?

A

Nape, also related to supraspinous ligament

129
Q

Where is the ligamentum flavum?

A

Connects lamina regions to adjacent vertabrae

130
Q

Where is the jugular notch?

A

Top of sternum

131
Q

Where is the xiphoid process?

A

Bottom of the sternum

132
Q

Where is the acromial end?

A

End of the clavicle that attaches to the shoulder

133
Q

What is the only long bone that lies horizontally?

A

The clavicle

134
Q

What does the costoclavicular ligament support?

A

The sternoclavicular joint

135
Q

What does costo mean?

A

Rib

136
Q

Where is the suprascapular notch?

A

Top dip of the scapula

137
Q

Where is the coracoid process?

A

Front lateral of the scapula

138
Q

What does fossa mean?

A

Depression

139
Q

Where are the epicondyles?

A

End of bones ie the humerus

140
Q

Where is the trochlear notch?

A

Proximal end of ulna

141
Q

What is the plural of phalange?

A

Phalanx

142
Q

The fingers and thumb contain how many bones?

A

14

143
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The inner lining of the medullary cavity

144
Q

Where are sesamoid bones developed?

A

Within tendons

145
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A

Undergo division to form osteoblasts

146
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

147
Q

What do periosteal arteries do?

A

Supply the outer layers of bone with blood

148
Q

What do epiphyseal veins do?

A

Return blood from the longbones

149
Q

When does bone “length” growth happen?

A

During childhood and adolescence within the epiphyseal plates

150
Q

When does bone remodeling happen?

A

Continually throughout life

151
Q

What are 3 factors that impact bone growth?

A

Stress, vitamins/minerals and hormones

152
Q

What is PHT?

A

Parathyroid hormone

153
Q

What does PHT do?

A

Increases osteoclast activity to raise blood calcium levels

154
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts promotion calcium deposition into bone, lowers blood calcium levels

155
Q

Bone tissue can be described as what?

A

Dense, hard connective tissue

156
Q

What is found in areas of movement?

A

Cartiledge

157
Q

What is the most common type of bone in the body?

A

Long bones

158
Q

Long bones enable movement by what method?

A

Leverage

159
Q

The diaphysis is made of what?

A

Compact bone

160
Q

What are the 2 types of osteo cells not capable of mitosis?

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

161
Q

What cell does not originate from osteoenic cells?

A

Osteoclasts

162
Q

Where do osteocytes come from?

A

Osteoblasts

163
Q

Where do osteoclasts come from?

A

Differentiated osteocytes

164
Q

Cartledge and bones are both produced by what kind of cells?

A

Mesenchymal cells

165
Q

Give an example of hard/compact bone

A

Osteons, the shafts of long bones

166
Q

Give an example of spongey/soft bone

A

Trabecular plates, bone marrow

167
Q

What are the epiphyseal discs?

A

Growth plates

168
Q

What are epiphyseal plates made of?

A

Cartilage until they mineralize in adulthood where they become bone

169
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of longbones

170
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The ends/heads of longbones

171
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Cartilage that covers the bones where they come together (ie end of knee)

172
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) (7 decks)

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