Introduction and Overview Flashcards
Chapter 1
1
Q
What sections of the spine are responsible for the function of diaphragm?
A
C 3, 4, 5. “keep the diaphragm alive”
2
Q
What nerve controls the diaphragm?
A
The phrenic nerve
3
Q
What are 3 different types of muscle tissue?
A
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
4
Q
How many lobes does your right lung have? The left?
A
The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2. The heart takes up some of the room so that’s why there’s only 2
5
Q
What is emphysema?
A
It is damage to the alveoli in the lungs
6
Q
What organ produces gall?
A
The liver
7
Q
What organ stores gall?
A
The gallbladder
8
Q
The gallbladder is “hugged” by what organ?
A
The liver
9
Q
Gall does what?
A
Breaks down lipids during digestion
10
Q
The liver serves what purpose in blood sugar regulation?
A
The liver stores glycogen and can release it when blood sugar is low
(INCREASE)
11
Q
The pancreas serves what purpose in blood sugar regulation?
A
The pancreas can release insulin when blood sugar is high. (DECREASE)
12
Q
The pH of the blood should be what?
A
7.35-7.45
13
Q
What is it called when the blood is below a pH of 7.35
A
Acidosis
14
Q
What is it called the blood has a pH of higher than 7.45?
A
Alkalosis
15
Q
The stomach has exocrine functions, what are 2 things it excrets?
A
HCl and enzymes
16
Q
The digestive tract is considered what kind of lumen?
A
External lumen
17
Q
What is a lumen?
A
Tube. Thing the digestive tract or the lumens on a stethscope
18
Q
The colon is part of which intestine?
A
The large intestine
19
Q
Which intestine absorbs water?
A
The small intestine
20
Q
What is the study of how things function?
A
Physiology
21
Q
What is the study of cells?
A
Cytology
22
Q
What is the study of tissues?
A
Histology
23
Q
What is the study of diseased body structures?
A
Pathology
24
Q
The eyeball is made of what kind of tissue?
A
Brain tissue
25
True or false:
The mitochondria can build themselves up and break themselves down
True
The mitochondria can do this because of the fact that they have their own DNA
26
The hormone vitamin D is synthesized with
Sunlight and cholesterol in the skin (and other stuff)
27
Eukaryotic cells are contained by what?
A membrane
28
Glycolysis is a process of how many reactions?
10
29
Glycolysis turns glucose into what?
Pyruvate
30
Glycolysis happens in what part of the cell?
Cytosol
31
The prepatory phase of glycolysis is how many steps?
5
32
How many units of APT are produced in one turn of glycolysis?
4
33
Glycolysis requires (costs) how many ATP?
2
34
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2 (spend 2, receive 4)
35
One cycle of glycolysis makes how many NADH molecules?
2
36
The Krebbs Cycle is also called what?
Aerobic respiration or the citric acid cycle
37
In order what are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organism
38
The integumentary system is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Hair
2. Skin
3. Nails
39
The skeletal system is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Bone
2. Cartledge
3. Joints
40
The muscular system is composed of what 2 parts?
1. Skeletal muscles
2. Tendons
41
The nervous system is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. Peripheral nerves
42
The endocrine system is composed of what 5 parts?
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Adrenal glands
4. Pancreas
5. Gonads (testes or ovaries)
43
The cardiovascular system is composed of what 2 parts?
1. Heart
2. Blood vessles
44
What are the 3 types of blood vessles?
1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries
45
The arteries do what?
Carry high pressure, highly oxygenated blood away from the heart
(Bonus info: they are larger and less stretchy than veins)
46
The veins do what?
Carry lower pressure, less oxygenated blood towards the heart
(Bonus info: they are smaller and more stretchy than the arteries)
47
The capillaries do what?
Capillaries are the source of exchange between cells and the bloodstream
(Bonus fact: they are the smallest type of blood vessel)
48
The lymphatic system is composed of what 4 parts?
1. Thymus
2. Lymph nodes
3. Spleen
4. Lymphatic vessels
49
The respiratory system is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Nasal passage
2. Lungs
3. Trachea
50
The digestive system is composed of what 5 parts?
1. Stomach
2. Liver
3. Gall bladder
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
51
The urinary system is composed of what 2 parts?
1. Kidneys
2. Bladder
52
The male reproductive system is composed of what 2 parts?
1. Testicles
2. Epididymis
53
The female reproductive system is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Mammary glands
2. Uterus
3. Ovaries
54
Metabolism is made up of what 2 processes?
Anabolism and catabolism
55
Define "responsiveness" in terms of anatomy and physiology and think of an example of this
An organisms ability to adjust to changes in it's external environment
Example: temperature maintenance through sweating/shivering and vaso-constriction/dialation
56
Give 3 examples of movement in the body
1. Gross movement like walking
2. Digestive movement of intestines
3. Movement of blood in the circulatory system
57
What is another word for "development" in terms of human anatomy
Differention
58
Define "differention"
The process of which unspecified cells develop to become to perform specific tasks. This also includes growth and repair.
59
What are the 2 ways that the human body grows?
1. Creating more cells
2. Increase the amount on non-cellular matter surrounding cells
60
Give 2 examples of a reaction that our body uses oxygen for
Cellular respiration, electron transport chain, liver metabolism/detoxification, immune response (creation of macrophages)
61
Approximately how long after losing oxygen does brain damage occur? Brain death?
Damage: 5 minutes
Death: 10 minutes
62
What are some ways we use water in our body?
Component of tissues and cells, regulates internal temperature and lubricates internal body structures
63
What are the 2 primary energy yielding nutrients?
Carbs and lipids
64
Proteins supply the body with what?
Amino acids
65
What is the average human body temperature?
37 Celsius
66
What happens if the body gets too hot or cold?
Enzymes that facilitate normal chemical reactions get messed up and don't work well or at all
67
What role does atmospheric pressure play in the human body?
It keeps important gasses dissolved inside your body (oxygen, nitrogen, ect) and it makes it possible for you to breathe
68
What is a negative feedback loop?
A mechanism which the body reverses deviation from a set point
69
What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?
1. Sensor
2. Control center
3. Effector
70
What organ is the most in control of the body's water content?
Kidneys
71
Define a positive feedback loop
The process of which the body intensifies the body's condition rather than reserving it
72
How do x-rays work?
They work by releasing short length radiation waves. These waves are impeded by tissues in the body. As they hit the specialized cray plate we can see where the rays were impeded by different structures in the body. They are best used for imaging of the bones and teeth
73
How can x-rays be harmful?
They can damage cells and increase the risk of cancer
74
Give examples of 4 modern imagine techniques and how they are used
1. Xray - bones and teeth
2. CT - soft tissue/viscera
3. MRI - tumors and pretty much any soft tissue
4. PET - movement of things like blood flow
5. Ultrasound - sensitive situations like pregnancy, soft tissue, blood flow
75
How do CT scans work? (Compound Tomography)
They are a compilation of many special cross sectional x-rays that are taken by a CAT scanner are that are then analyzed by a computer. They are best used for soft tissue. They carry the same risks as x-rays
76
How do MRI scans work? (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Uses strong magnets, the body emits magnetic fields in response (???)
77
True or false MRI uses radioation
False
78
What are the risks/drawbacks of an MRI?
Anxiety inducing danger tube, cost, takes longer than other scans and patient with magnetic metals in their body cannot safely have an MRI
79
How does a PET scan work? (Positron Emission Tomotography)
It is a CT scan with contrast (fireball blood) (???) It is best used for checking things that involve movement like blood flow
80
How does ultrasonography work?
An ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves that generate an echo signal that a computer then generates into an image. It is best used for soft tissue, movement like blood flow and sensitive situations like pregnancy
81
What are the risks of a PET scan?
Radiation exposure through the tracer dye
82
What is a drawback of using ultrasonic imaging?
That the quality of the scan is heavily operator dependent and it cannot penetrate bone or gas
83
Ipsilateral means what?
On the same side
84
What are the 2 components of the thoracic cavity?
The pleural cavity and the mediastinum
85
What are the 2 components of the dorsal cavity?
The cranial and spinal cavity
86
What are the 3 components of the ventral cavity?
The thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity
87
What is pleursy?
An inflammation between the lungs and pleura
88
Axial means what?
Head, neck, torso/trunk
89
Appendicular means what?
Appendages
90
What are the main locations to take a pulse from?
Radial (wrist), carotid (neck), ect ect
91
Another word for anterior
Vent(ral)
92
Supine on the spine means what?
Facing up
93
Prone on the bone(r) means what?
Face down
94
Sagittal plane is what?
Left and right
95
Transverse plane is what?
Up and down
96
Lumen means what?
Tubes (think lumen on a stethscope)
97
Medullary means
Inside
98
Cortical means
Outside
99
Apex means
Tip or summit
100
Coronal plane is what?
Front and back
101
What is the normal bloodsugar range?
4-7
102
Positive feedback systems do what to homeostasis?
Destabilize it
103
Intracellular control is what?
Control within cells
104
Intrinsic control is what?
Self-regulation
105
Extrinsic control is what?
Controlled by outside factors
106
How does the pressure exerted by gases and fluids influence human survival?
It controls blood pressure. Proper blood pressure is required for good circulation as well as prevention of damage to the vascular system
107
CHNOPS stands for what elements?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur
108
What are the 3 main categories of nutrients?
1. Water
2. Micronutrients
3. Energy-yielding and body-building nutrients
109
What is the end product of glycolysis?
4 ATP and 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
110
What comes first, glycolysis or Krebs cycle?
Glycolysis
111
The Krebs cycle requires what?
Oxygen
112
The Krebs cycle is what kind of cellular respiration?
Aerobic
113
CO2 is released in what stage of aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle
114
How many NADH molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?
3
115
Electron transport chain occurs where?
Mitochondria
116
Krebs cycle occurs in
The mitochondrial matrix
117
Glycolysis occurs in?
The cytoplasm
118
What happens to NADH & FAHD2 in the ETC?
They pass through the chain losing electrons that combine with adenosine DIphosphate which then form adenosine TRIphosphate
119
Each NADH becomes how many ATP in the ETC?
3
120
Each FAHD2 becomes how many ATP in the ETC?
2
121
How many ATP molecules are produced in cellular respiration? (ATP units per 1 glucose)
38
122
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
ETC
123
How do veins circulate blood even though they have low blood pressure?
Through the use of one way valves
124
How many types of tissues are there? What are they?
4
Muscular
Connective
Epithelial
Nervous
125
Physiology is the study of what?
How the body works
126
Histology is the study of what?
Tissues and organs
127
Endocrine glands secrete into what?
The bloodstream
128
Why are brain cells so sensitive to a lack of oxygen?
Because they require a high and steady production of ATP
129
List 3 basic classes of nutrients
Water
Energy yielding and body building nutrients
Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)
130
What is the most critical nutrient?
Water
131
Which nutrients are macronutrients?
Water and energy yielding nutrients
132
Which nutrients are micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
133
Which vitamins cannot be stored in our body?
Vitamin C and most vitamin B nutrients
134
Why do we shiver?
To generate heat
135
What external force helps facilitate respiration?
Atmospheric pressure
136
What is DCS?
Decompression sickness
137
What are the most common symptoms of DCS?
Join pain, headache, visual disturbances and sometimes death
138
What does the plasma membrane do?
Separates the cell from it's surrounding environment
139
