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Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) > Introduction and Overview > Flashcards

Introduction and Overview Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

What sections of the spine are responsible for the function of diaphragm?

A

C 3, 4, 5. “keep the diaphragm alive”

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2
Q

What nerve controls the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

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3
Q

What are 3 different types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

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4
Q

How many lobes does your right lung have? The left?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2. The heart takes up some of the room so that’s why there’s only 2

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5
Q

What is emphysema?

A

It is damage to the alveoli in the lungs

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6
Q

What organ produces gall?

A

The liver

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7
Q

What organ stores gall?

A

The gallbladder

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8
Q

The gallbladder is “hugged” by what organ?

A

The liver

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9
Q

Gall does what?

A

Breaks down lipids during digestion

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10
Q

The liver serves what purpose in blood sugar regulation?

A

The liver stores glycogen and can release it when blood sugar is low
(INCREASE)

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11
Q

The pancreas serves what purpose in blood sugar regulation?

A

The pancreas can release insulin when blood sugar is high. (DECREASE)

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12
Q

The pH of the blood should be what?

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

What is it called when the blood is below a pH of 7.35

A

Acidosis

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14
Q

What is it called the blood has a pH of higher than 7.45?

A

Alkalosis

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15
Q

The stomach has exocrine functions, what are 2 things it excrets?

A

HCl and enzymes

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16
Q

The digestive tract is considered what kind of lumen?

A

External lumen

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17
Q

What is a lumen?

A

Tube. Thing the digestive tract or the lumens on a stethscope

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18
Q

The colon is part of which intestine?

A

The large intestine

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19
Q

Which intestine absorbs water?

A

The small intestine

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20
Q

What is the study of how things function?

A

Physiology

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21
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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22
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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23
Q

What is the study of diseased body structures?

A

Pathology

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24
Q

The eyeball is made of what kind of tissue?

A

Brain tissue

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25
Q

True or false:
The mitochondria can build themselves up and break themselves down

A

True
The mitochondria can do this because of the fact that they have their own DNA

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26
Q

The hormone vitamin D is synthesized with

A

Sunlight and cholesterol in the skin (and other stuff)

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27
Q

Eukaryotic cells are contained by what?

A

A membrane

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28
Q

Glycolysis is a process of how many reactions?

A

10

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29
Q

Glycolysis turns glucose into what?

A

Pyruvate

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30
Q

Glycolysis happens in what part of the cell?

A

Cytosol

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31
Q

The prepatory phase of glycolysis is how many steps?

A

5

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32
Q

How many units of APT are produced in one turn of glycolysis?

A

4

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33
Q

Glycolysis requires (costs) how many ATP?

A

2

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34
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 (spend 2, receive 4)

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35
Q

One cycle of glycolysis makes how many NADH molecules?

A

2

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36
Q

The Krebbs Cycle is also called what?

A

Aerobic respiration or the citric acid cycle

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37
Q

In order what are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System
  6. Organism
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38
Q

The integumentary system is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Skin
  3. Nails
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39
Q

The skeletal system is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartledge
  3. Joints
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40
Q

The muscular system is composed of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
  2. Tendons
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41
Q

The nervous system is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. Peripheral nerves
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42
Q

The endocrine system is composed of what 5 parts?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Adrenal glands
  4. Pancreas
  5. Gonads (testes or ovaries)
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43
Q

The cardiovascular system is composed of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessles
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44
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessles?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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45
Q

The arteries do what?

A

Carry high pressure, highly oxygenated blood away from the heart
(Bonus info: they are larger and less stretchy than veins)

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46
Q

The veins do what?

A

Carry lower pressure, less oxygenated blood towards the heart
(Bonus info: they are smaller and more stretchy than the arteries)

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47
Q

The capillaries do what?

A

Capillaries are the source of exchange between cells and the bloodstream
(Bonus fact: they are the smallest type of blood vessel)

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48
Q

The lymphatic system is composed of what 4 parts?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Spleen
  4. Lymphatic vessels
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49
Q

The respiratory system is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Nasal passage
  2. Lungs
  3. Trachea
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50
Q

The digestive system is composed of what 5 parts?

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Liver
  3. Gall bladder
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
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51
Q

The urinary system is composed of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Bladder
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52
Q

The male reproductive system is composed of what 2 parts?

A
  1. Testicles
  2. Epididymis
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53
Q

The female reproductive system is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Uterus
  3. Ovaries
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54
Q

Metabolism is made up of what 2 processes?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

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55
Q

Define “responsiveness” in terms of anatomy and physiology and think of an example of this

A

An organisms ability to adjust to changes in it’s external environment
Example: temperature maintenance through sweating/shivering and vaso-constriction/dialation

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56
Q

Give 3 examples of movement in the body

A
  1. Gross movement like walking
  2. Digestive movement of intestines
  3. Movement of blood in the circulatory system
57
Q

What is another word for “development” in terms of human anatomy

A

Differention

58
Q

Define “differention”

A

The process of which unspecified cells develop to become to perform specific tasks. This also includes growth and repair.

59
Q

What are the 2 ways that the human body grows?

A
  1. Creating more cells
  2. Increase the amount on non-cellular matter surrounding cells
60
Q

Give 2 examples of a reaction that our body uses oxygen for

A

Cellular respiration, electron transport chain, liver metabolism/detoxification, immune response (creation of macrophages)

61
Q

Approximately how long after losing oxygen does brain damage occur? Brain death?

A

Damage: 5 minutes
Death: 10 minutes

62
Q

What are some ways we use water in our body?

A

Component of tissues and cells, regulates internal temperature and lubricates internal body structures

63
Q

What are the 2 primary energy yielding nutrients?

A

Carbs and lipids

64
Q

Proteins supply the body with what?

A

Amino acids

65
Q

What is the average human body temperature?

A

37 Celsius

66
Q

What happens if the body gets too hot or cold?

A

Enzymes that facilitate normal chemical reactions get messed up and don’t work well or at all

67
Q

What role does atmospheric pressure play in the human body?

A

It keeps important gasses dissolved inside your body (oxygen, nitrogen, ect) and it makes it possible for you to breathe

68
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

A mechanism which the body reverses deviation from a set point

69
Q

What are the 3 components of a feedback loop?

A
  1. Sensor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
70
Q

What organ is the most in control of the body’s water content?

A

Kidneys

71
Q

Define a positive feedback loop

A

The process of which the body intensifies the body’s condition rather than reserving it

72
Q

How do x-rays work?

A

They work by releasing short length radiation waves. These waves are impeded by tissues in the body. As they hit the specialized cray plate we can see where the rays were impeded by different structures in the body. They are best used for imaging of the bones and teeth

73
Q

How can x-rays be harmful?

A

They can damage cells and increase the risk of cancer

74
Q

Give examples of 4 modern imagine techniques and how they are used

A
  1. Xray - bones and teeth
  2. CT - soft tissue/viscera
  3. MRI - tumors and pretty much any soft tissue
  4. PET - movement of things like blood flow
  5. Ultrasound - sensitive situations like pregnancy, soft tissue, blood flow
75
Q

How do CT scans work? (Compound Tomography)

A

They are a compilation of many special cross sectional x-rays that are taken by a CAT scanner are that are then analyzed by a computer. They are best used for soft tissue. They carry the same risks as x-rays

76
Q

How do MRI scans work? (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

Uses strong magnets, the body emits magnetic fields in response (???)

77
Q

True or false MRI uses radioation

A

False

78
Q

What are the risks/drawbacks of an MRI?

A

Anxiety inducing danger tube, cost, takes longer than other scans and patient with magnetic metals in their body cannot safely have an MRI

79
Q

How does a PET scan work? (Positron Emission Tomotography)

A

It is a CT scan with contrast (fireball blood) (???) It is best used for checking things that involve movement like blood flow

80
Q

How does ultrasonography work?

A

An ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves that generate an echo signal that a computer then generates into an image. It is best used for soft tissue, movement like blood flow and sensitive situations like pregnancy

81
Q

What are the risks of a PET scan?

A

Radiation exposure through the tracer dye

82
Q

What is a drawback of using ultrasonic imaging?

A

That the quality of the scan is heavily operator dependent and it cannot penetrate bone or gas

83
Q

Ipsilateral means what?

A

On the same side

84
Q

What are the 2 components of the thoracic cavity?

A

The pleural cavity and the mediastinum

85
Q

What are the 2 components of the dorsal cavity?

A

The cranial and spinal cavity

86
Q

What are the 3 components of the ventral cavity?

A

The thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity

87
Q

What is pleursy?

A

An inflammation between the lungs and pleura

88
Q

Axial means what?

A

Head, neck, torso/trunk

89
Q

Appendicular means what?

A

Appendages

90
Q

What are the main locations to take a pulse from?

A

Radial (wrist), carotid (neck), ect ect

91
Q

Another word for anterior

A

Vent(ral)

92
Q

Supine on the spine means what?

A

Facing up

93
Q

Prone on the bone(r) means what?

A

Face down

94
Q

Sagittal plane is what?

A

Left and right

95
Q

Transverse plane is what?

A

Up and down

96
Q

Lumen means what?

A

Tubes (think lumen on a stethscope)

97
Q

Medullary means

A

Inside

98
Q

Cortical means

A

Outside

99
Q

Apex means

A

Tip or summit

100
Q

Coronal plane is what?

A

Front and back

101
Q

What is the normal bloodsugar range?

A

4-7

102
Q

Positive feedback systems do what to homeostasis?

A

Destabilize it

103
Q

Intracellular control is what?

A

Control within cells

104
Q

Intrinsic control is what?

A

Self-regulation

105
Q

Extrinsic control is what?

A

Controlled by outside factors

106
Q

How does the pressure exerted by gases and fluids influence human survival?

A

It controls blood pressure. Proper blood pressure is required for good circulation as well as prevention of damage to the vascular system

107
Q

CHNOPS stands for what elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur

108
Q

What are the 3 main categories of nutrients?

A
  1. Water
  2. Micronutrients
  3. Energy-yielding and body-building nutrients
109
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP and 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

110
Q

What comes first, glycolysis or Krebs cycle?

A

Glycolysis

111
Q

The Krebs cycle requires what?

A

Oxygen

112
Q

The Krebs cycle is what kind of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic

113
Q

CO2 is released in what stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Krebs cycle

114
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

3

115
Q

Electron transport chain occurs where?

A

Mitochondria

116
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in

A

The mitochondrial matrix

117
Q

Glycolysis occurs in?

A

The cytoplasm

118
Q

What happens to NADH & FAHD2 in the ETC?

A

They pass through the chain losing electrons that combine with adenosine DIphosphate which then form adenosine TRIphosphate

119
Q

Each NADH becomes how many ATP in the ETC?

A

3

120
Q

Each FAHD2 becomes how many ATP in the ETC?

A

2

121
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in cellular respiration? (ATP units per 1 glucose)

A

38

122
Q

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

A

ETC

123
Q

How do veins circulate blood even though they have low blood pressure?

A

Through the use of one way valves

124
Q

How many types of tissues are there? What are they?

A

4
Muscular
Connective
Epithelial
Nervous

125
Q

Physiology is the study of what?

A

How the body works

126
Q

Histology is the study of what?

A

Tissues and organs

127
Q

Endocrine glands secrete into what?

A

The bloodstream

128
Q

Why are brain cells so sensitive to a lack of oxygen?

A

Because they require a high and steady production of ATP

129
Q

List 3 basic classes of nutrients

A

Water
Energy yielding and body building nutrients
Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)

130
Q

What is the most critical nutrient?

A

Water

131
Q

Which nutrients are macronutrients?

A

Water and energy yielding nutrients

132
Q

Which nutrients are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals

133
Q

Which vitamins cannot be stored in our body?

A

Vitamin C and most vitamin B nutrients

134
Q

Why do we shiver?

A

To generate heat

135
Q

What external force helps facilitate respiration?

A

Atmospheric pressure

136
Q

What is DCS?

A

Decompression sickness

137
Q

What are the most common symptoms of DCS?

A

Join pain, headache, visual disturbances and sometimes death

138
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Separates the cell from it’s surrounding environment

139
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (Sem 1) (7 decks)

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