Self Esteem Vs. Self-Verification Flashcards
Self-Esteem: in most basic terms, how a person f__ about h__ or h__.
-have a b__ but goes u_ and d__ based on e__ o__.
feels, him, herself
baseline, up, down, event outcomes
Trait Vs. State Self-Esteem:
Trait=r__
~more c__ self esteem
State=c__ t__ scale
~m__ states of self-esteem
rosenberg
constant
current thoughts
momentary
Multiple Ways to Assess Trait Self-Esteem:
Global: overall, e__ related to y__, do you l__ yourself?
-most __ used measure
~R__
Domain Specific: Looks at m__ domains (i__? a__?)
-measure people’s level of s__-e__ in particular d__.
ex measure: c__’s contingencies of self-worth scale
everything, you, like
frequently
rosenberg
multiple, intelligence, attractiveness
self-esteem, dimensions
crocker’s
How do we develop our self-esteem?
a) S__ I__ Perspective: c__ adopt the o__ that others, particularly c__ and other s__ adults, appear to have of t__.
- a__ and r__ parents tend to have children with higher s__-e__.
symbolic interactionists
children, opinions, caregivers, significant, them
approving, responsive, self-esteem
How do we develop our self-esteem?
b) S__-D__ Theory:
- actual self: who you are r__ n__, r__/t__ self.
- ought self: w__ I ought to be/w__ I ought to be doing (often what o__ people say).
- ideal self: who you most w__ to be-b__ version of you.
The actual and __ to be are compared as well as actual and __ self-if large d__ likely to have lower s__-e__.
Discrepancies predict different emotions:
- actual/ideal: f__ and d__
- actual/ought: a__
self-discrepancy
right now, real/true
who, what, other
want, best
ought, ideal
discrepancies, self-esteem
frustration and disappointment
anxiety
How do we develop our self-esteem?
C) S__ Theory: t__ self-esteem as an i__ of r__ evaluation.
- we will have high self-esteem if we believe that others w__ to be in r__ with u_.
- argues it is an e__ adaptation.
~Self-esteem is a w__ system to c__ something
i.e. get more r__.
sociometer
trait, index, relational
want, relationships, us
evolutionary
warning, change
relationships
Changes in Self-Esteem:
- meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
- looking at g__ self-esteem only, only .. studies, age range -.
Results: Found self-esteem __:
- Increase during c__ (-)
- no increase during h__ s__ (-)
- increase during c__ y__ and 1__ decade of a__ (-)
- No evidence of self esteem c__ after __ years old but not definitive because the samples were s__.
global, U.S., 7-71
increases
childhood, 7-12
high school, 13-18
college years, 1st, adulthood, 19-29
changes, 30, small
Outcomes of Self-Esteem:
-social confidence:
~people with high self esteem are more s__, o__, and a__.
sociable, outgoing, assertive
Outcomes of Self-Esteem:
-conformity:
~participants with high self-esteem conform __.
~people with low self-esteem are __ likely to conform, more m__, less likely to d__.
less
more, malleable, dissent
Prosocial Behavior (Helping): -high self esteem, more likely to show p\_\_ behavior and less likely to show a\_\_ behavior.
Ex: Brown & Smart, 1991
- Measured self-esteem
- gave positive and negative false feedback on intelligence
Results:
-high self esteem participants who received failure feedback=__ prosocial behavior. (most likely motivated to get back to b__ of h__ self-esteem).
-low self esteem participants who received failure feedback=__ prosocial behavior.
prosocial, antisocial
increased, baseline, higher
decreased
Outcomes of Self-Esteem:
Close Relationships:
-h__ self esteem more likely to be in a c__, r__ relationship.
~c__ though, so being in a c__ relationship could also be leading to h__ self-esteem.
-Low self esteem people process a__ as c__
high, close, romantic
correlational, close, high
acceptance, conditional
Outcomes of Self-Esteem:
Dysfunctional Behavior:
- low self-esteem more likely to use d__ and a__.
- low self-esteem associated with j__ d__ (but delinquency can actually __ self-esteem likely because it creates p__-a__, n__-c__ and p__).
drugs, alcohol
juvenile delinquency, increase, peer-acceptance, non-conformity, power
Outcomes of Self-Esteem:
-Maladaptive behavior and Psychopathology:
Psychopathology
-low self esteem is associated with d__ disorder, major d__, a__ disorders, e__ disorders, etc.
S__ theory (aka we’ll have high self esteem if we think other people want to be in relationships with us) argues that:
p__–>r__ and then r__–>low s__-e__
-As mental illness s__ goes away, this relationship should d__.
dysthymic, depression, anxiety, eating
sociometer
psychopathology, rejection, rejection, self-esteem
stigma, decrease
How can we improve our self-esteem?
- perform strongly on o__ life outcomes (aka: college d__)
- create stronger i__ bonds
- use s__-s__ cognitions: self e__ techniques
1) S__-S__ B__: deciding who gets credit for success/failure.
ex: the reason I did well is my hard work vs. the reason I failed is my teacher made the test too hard.
2) S__-H__: Stop your progress and preparation so that if you fail you have a built in excuse.
ex: I failed because I had to go to this party instead of study not because I’m dumb.
3) B__ in R__ G__ (Birging): associating with other people who are successful.
ex: people wanting to be friends with celebrities once they’re famous despite not being interested before.
4) D__ S__ C__: comparing yourself to people worse off than you.
objective, degree
interpersonal
self-serving, enhancement
self-serving bias
self-handicapping
basking in reflected glory
downward social comparisons
Self Enhancement vs. Self Verification:
- Self enhancement=coming across p__
- Self verification= showing f__-who we t__ are.
People seek self-verification for one or both of two reasons:
- to ensure that their i__ proceed s__.
- to bolster feelings of p__ c__.
positively
flaws, truly
interactions, smoothly
psychological coherence
