Culture and the Self Flashcards
Culture: Key Components
- beliefs on na__ of the person.
- the id__ person.
- person’s pu__ in life.
Creates ‘cu__ mo__’: widely sh__ models of the wo__ that play an enormous role in our un__ of the wo__ and our be__ in it.
What are these models?
-in__ vs. in__ self-co__.
nature
ideal
purpose
cultural models, shared, world, understanding, world, behavior
interdependent, independent, concept
The Cr__ of Cultural Models:
-shaped through st__, bo__, mo__ ta__, me__, and tr__.
-over time they become ‘ob__’ or na__ to members of that gr__.
~fa__ co__ effect
creation
stories, books, morality tales, media, traditions
obvious, natural, group
false consensus
The Cr__ of Cultural Models: text
-Ph__ and re__ texts differ fundamentally in their re__ of a person’s pl__ in the wo__.
An__ Worldview: We are se__ from the wo__ and so__.
~can be understood ap__ from the si__ in which we are fo__.
Ho__ Worldview: Persons and objects are un__ and pe__ as pa__ of a greater wh__.
~in__ from the co__ in which they are fo__.
creation
philosophical, religious, representations, place, world
analytical, seperate, world, society
apart, situation, found
holistic, understood, perceived, part, whole
inseparable, context, found
The Cr__ of Cultural Models: applications
-le__ system
~U.S. focuses on rights of in__.
ex: ability to su_ when people infringe on pe__ freedoms.
~East Asia: prefer ne__ or ar__
creation
legal
individual, sue, personal
negotiation, arbiter
The Cr__ of Cultural Models: applications
1) Ad__
-U.S. “The internet isn’t for ev__. But then again y__ are not ev__.”
~products make you an in__.
-East Asia: “Our ginseng drink is produced according to methods of 500 year old tr__.”
2) Me__
~American vs. Japanese coverage of ol__ (America emphasizes in__ while Japanese emphasizes re__).
advertising
everybody, you, everybody
individual
tradition
media
olympics
individual, relationships
Co__: Independent and Interdependent Self-Concepts:
-self concept pr__ affects no__ co__ tasks.
Zhang, Feick, and Price:
-when priming independent self-concept, people find __ shapes more attractive.
-when priming interdependent self-concept, people find __ shapes more attractive.
Why?
- People rate angular shapes as being associated with ‘co__’.
- Rate rounded shapes as being associated with ‘co__.’
consequences
priming, nonsocial, cognitive
angular
rounded
confrontation
compromise
Cognitive Co__ of these Mo__:
-affects whether we see our ‘se_’ as fi__ or fl__.
ex: variation on “wh_ am I?” task:
-placed Japanese and American women in one of four situations:
~alone, with peer, in large group, or with faculty member.
Results: much more va__ found for Japanese participants than American participants.
Ratio of p__ to n__ statements:
-Americans: generated : ratio, no matter co__.
-Japanese: more n__ than p__ statements.
~alone : ratio
~with faculty member : ratio
consequences, models
self, fixed, fluid
who
variability
positive, negative
3:1, condition
negative, positive
1: 1
1: 3
Culture and Self-Esteem:
-in order to know your self-esteem, need to have a st__ co__.
Cu__ give us a standard:
- in__: am I sp__ and di__ from others?
- co__: am I si__ to and in ha__ with others?
standard comparison
culture
individualistic, special, different
collectivist, similar, harmony
Culture and Self-Esteem: Gl__ Tr__ SE
Schmitt & Allik, 2005:
- translated Ro__ SE scale into _ _ languages.
- administrated to almost _,__ participants in _ _ nations.
Results: across almost all nations, __ gl__ tr__ self-esteem correlated with
~higher ex__
~lower ne__
All nations scored a_ or a__ mid-point (_ or hi__ on likert scale).
-lower scores more prevalent in c__ cultures.
ex: East Asians are hu__ in order to express their desire for ha__.
- higher in se_-cr__
- lower in un__ op__
ex: more likely to di__ a test that gives po__ feedback
ex: more focused on information saying they are doing wo__ than other gr__ members
global trait
rosenberg, 28
17,000, 53
high, global trait
extraversion
neuroticism
at, above, 3, higher
collectivistic
humble, harmony
self-criticism
unrealistic optimism
discount, positive
worse, group
Culture and Self-Esteem: Discrepancies:
-East Asians show higher a__-i__ discrepancies.
~However, they don’t see this as ne__.
~instead, shows they know they can im__ and will continue to strive for ex__.
~this reflects their cu__ mo__.
actual-ideal
negative
improve, excellence
cultural model
Culture and Self-Enhancement:
-East Asians do self-enhance in certain ways.
~asians show be__-th__-av__ effect for traits such as co__, co__, and se__-sa__.
~most likely when compared to ‘av__ person’
-in general, still __ levels of self-enhancement.
better-than-average, compromising, cooperative, self-sacrificing
average
low
Why is self-enhancement lower in co__ cultures:
a) self-enhancement isn’t ne__ because one’s se__-es__ isn’t determined by one’s in__ ac__.
b) social norm of mo__ restricts the ex__ use of self-enhancement.
Kuman, 2003 found:
- self-enhancement is associated with higher ex__ se__-es__ and more positive em__ for b__ cultures.
- mo__ mediated the relationship between cu__ and se__-en__.
collectivist
necessary, self-esteem, individual achievements
modesty, explicit
explicit self-esteem, emotions, both
modesty, culture, self-enhancement
Mu__ Selves:
-bi__ id__ in__ (BII): the degree to which a bi__ individual is able to in__ the two cu__ into a co__ identity.
Can measure with _ item scale:
-example questions
~”I am simply a Ja__ person who lives in No__ Am__.”
~”I feel like someone mo__ be__ two cu__.”
multicultural
bicultural identity integration
bicultural, integrate, cultures, cohesive
8
japanese, north america
moving between, cultures
High in Bicultural Identity Integration:
-two cultures are co__, not mu__ ex__.
compatible, mutually exclusive
Low in Bicultural Identity Integration:
- two cultures are at od__ with each other, and difficult to co__.
- may be due to la__ barriers, di__, and ex__ to cultures (aka, before you got to America did you kn__ other Americans or know a lot about American cu__).
Pe__ Traits:
-in order to be high in bicultural identity integration it’s helpful to be:
~op__ to new ex__ and ex__
~low in ne__
odds, combine
language, discrimination, exposure, know, culture
personality
open, experiences, extroverted
neuroticism
