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The Self > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The S__ trial: a 1925 trial about whether teachers should teach evolution is schools.
-idea of what does it mean to be h__?

Explored the question, how do humans d__ from animals?

  • use of t__?
  • l__?
  • s__?
  • s__!
A

Scopes

human

differ
tools
language
soul 
self
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2
Q

Self: a m__ t__ that allows people (and perhaps a few species of animals) to think c__ about t__.

-an e__ feature of humanity but also a c__.

A

mental tool, consciously, themselves

essential, curse

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3
Q

What are the consequences of having a self?

  • w__/a__
  • e__
  • g__

Overall s__ c__ emotions.

A

worry/anxiety
embarrassment
guilt

self conscious

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4
Q

What would life look like if you couldn’t self reflect?

  • i__ world
  • s__-no learning from the p__
  • ruled by i__
A

impulsive
stagnant, past
instinct

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5
Q

5 Important Consequences of the self:

1) Planning: can play out future e__ and c__.
- Analogue-I: a mental r__ of yourself that you can t__ about and m__ in your mind.
ex: have c__, rehearse f__.

ex2: replay the p__.
- most people replay n__ events more than p__.
- “mental t__ t__.”

A

events, consequences

representation, think, manipulate

conversations, future

past, negative, positive

time travel

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6
Q

5 Important Consequences of the self:

2) D__ making & S__-Control:
- automatic vs. controlled thoughts

Automatic:

  • i__/i__
  • a__ judgments
  • not c__
  • can start without our a__

Controlled:

  • v__ rethinking of a__ judgments
  • the s__ allows this
  • open to our a__

Can move between them r__ and f__

John Bargh believed most behavior is a__.
-current example: reading letters within these words.

A

decision, self

  • instinctual/involuntary
  • automatic judgments
  • not controllable
  • can start without our awareness

voluntary, automatic
self
awareness

rapidly, frequently

automatic

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7
Q

What is the function of controlled thoughts? (from the self).

  • thinking about o__
  • overriding a__ behavior
A

outcomes

automatic

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8
Q

5 Important Consequences of the self:

3) Self-C__ & E__:
- how we v__ ourselves
- can be v__ or v__
- b__ is affected by who we t__ we are.
- “I’m not that kind of person.” can be d__.

A

conceptualization, evaluation

view

visual, verbal

behavior, think

damaging

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9
Q

5 Important Consequences of the self:

4) Introspection: You can t__ about t__.
- example of “m__.”

ex: Thinking about s__ other and o__ thoughts, i.e. “are they thinking about me as much.”

-This ability changes the n__ of our e__.
How?-See the world through the filter of y__.

Too much introspection can lower s__.

A

think, thinking
metacognition

significant, overanalyzing

nature, experiences
yourself

satisfaction

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10
Q

5 Important Consequences of the self:

5) Perspective-Taking:
- can also try to imagine o__, based on y__.
i. e. taking their p__ (e__)
- animals without s__ can’t seem to do this.

ex: babies (__-__ months) develop s__-a__ and e__ at same time.
ex2: chimps can d__ others by not reacting to food when other chimps around because they are perspective-taking on how those chimps would react to the food competitively.

A

other, yourself
perspective, empathy
self

18-24, self-awareness, empathy

deceive

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11
Q

Self-Awareness in Animals:

-self-recognition & m__ test
~started with reports of m__ r__ and s__-e__ in chimpanzees.

General Paradigm:

  • anesthetized chimps with mirror experience and without mirror experience.
  • the chimps are marked with an odorless dye.

Results:
~With mirror experience-touched their __.
~Without mirror experience-touched the __.
~Also l__ at and s__ fingers afterwards.

A

mark
mirror recognition, self-exploration

body
mirror
looked, smelled

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12
Q

Explanation for Self-Recognition:

-K__-V__ M__ (KVM)
~animals m__ their bodies and w__ the mirror
~animal can f__ its movement through s__ (k__ sense) and m__ it with o__ body.

A

kinesthetic visual matching

move, watch
feel, space, kinesthetic, match, other

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13
Q

Self-Awareness in Animals:

Generalization?
-o__, c__, g__, s__, e__, o__, d__, some b__.

~m__ and d__ don’t pass but __ can be t__ to have self-recognition.
~paradigm variations for o__ and d__.

A

orangutans, chimps, gorillas, siamangs, elephants, orcas, dolphins, some birds.

monkeys, dogs, monkeys, taught

orcas, dolphins

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14
Q

Self-Recognition Research with Children:

  • children from Western cultures-display by - months.
  • children from non-western cultures-haven’t displayed by _ months (_ years), possibly due to less m__ access.
A

18-24

72, 6, mirror

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15
Q

Search for the Self: Where are you processing e__ and thinking t__.

-early research–>f__ l__.

A

emotions, thoughts

frontal lobe

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe Damage Case Studies:

  • patients may not see deficits in t__.
  • o__ to how others see them.
  • lose ability to be s__-a__, i__, d__, b__ over problems.
  • can think of p__, but not f__ or p__. (no mental “t__-t__”)
  • decreased p__, g__, and s__-c__.
A 
themselves
oblivious
self-absorbed, introspect, daydream, brood
present, future, past, time-travel
planning, goals, self-control
17
Q

Problems drawing Conclusions from Case Studies:

  • d__
  • d__ brains are not n__ functioning brains
  • they are i__ cases
A

dehumanization

damaged, normally

individual

18
Q

Search for the Self:
-recent neuroscience research using fMRI’s–> m__ p__ c__ (MPFC)

ex: s__-r__ effect: you will better remember info if you relate it to y__.

A

medial prefrontal cortex

self-reference, yourself

19
Q

Self-Reference Effect Research: Participants given fMRI scan while seeing t__ a__.

-Judged each words in one of 3 ways:
~s__-r__ (yes, it describes me or no).
~o__-r__ (control)
~u__ or l__ (control)

-Then asked to r__ words.
Results: M__P__F__C__ selectively engaged during __-referential judgments.

A

trait adjectives

self-reference
other-reference
uppercase, lowercase

recall

medial prefrontal cortex, self-referential

20
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex activation associated with:

  • taking another person’s p__ to perceive one’s own a__.
  • memory for your p__
  • observing own f__
  • e__/m__ of self information
  • memory for c__ o__ (so close they are essentially a part of who y__ are).
A

perspective, attributes

possessions

face

encoding/memory

close others, you

The Self (13 decks)

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