Self and Social Awareness Flashcards
Do infants realize they are different than the surrounding world?
Yes. Ex: Rooting reflex for touch from someone else rather than their own hand
What is the rouge test (test of self-recognition)
Experimenter plays with baby and dabs a little red dot on their forehead. The child is then shown a mirror If they attempt to wipe the paint off, they pass the rouge test If they reach out their hand and try to wipe it off the other person, they fail.
What types of animals pass the rouge test?
Primates, ravens, magpies, elephants, dolphins, orcas
What are scale errors?
When children still don’t understand their size. They will attempt to do things that body size makes impossible.
When does the categorical self happen and what is it?
2 years old. Child can classify themselves with perceptually distinct categories (ex: boy/girl, big/small)
What is the remembered self?
As we remember more of our life story, our self-awareness takes on more detail. Includes a sense of how we fit into the world, child’s importance, role, etc.
When does the enduring self happen and what is it?
4 years. Changes and similarities of the self across time. Recognize current self is different from past self.
What is the inner self?
Being aware that you have your own private thoughts separate from others. Arises early, takes time to fully develop
At what age do children begin to use language to express private thoughts and what is limited still?
2 years. However, still have limited perspective taking abilities. Hard to imagine what others think and feel.
What is the theory of mind?
Understanding that others have their own minds including private thoughts, beliefs, desires etc. Toddlers have a limited theory of mind-can sometimes recognize differences in food preferences but doesn’t extend.
When do children develop a theory of mind and what are some of the limitations of this?
2-3, come to the realization that people have their own desires. However, belief is that people always act according to these desires. Fail to realize that other, more subtle factors may also affect behaviour. Typically fail false belief task
What is the false belief task?
Present child with a smartie box. Ask them what they think is in it (smarties, chocolate, candy). Show them a surprise answer (it’s pencils!!). Then, makes sure they remember what was in there. Then ask, what will this other person think is in there or what did you used to think was in the box? Kid will say pencils! (As soon as I know it’s pencils, everyone knows). Also can’t tell differences between current and past thoughts.
When does the belief-desire theory of mind happen and what is it?
Age 3-4. Realization that beliefs may also guide actions. Child starts to pass false belief tasks.
What is the fall from grace?
Age where children first start to lie (3-4). Critical to have this, because it’s the realization that others don’t know everything that they know.
When do children become better liars?
8 years old
What is the self-concept?
Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, values that an individual believes defines who they are
What is the self-concept like at age 3-5?
Often defined by observable characteristics, possessions, and everyday behaviours. May also include emotions. Comparisons with others typically only include 1 person.
What happens to the self concept at ages 8-11?
Self-concept shifts to include competencies, personality . Also tend to be more fair, mentioning both good aspects of the self and bad aspects.
How does the self-concept change in adolescence?
More emphasis on traits differing by social context and on social virtues. Expanding social world often places pressures to display different selves in different relationships, Awareness of inconsistencies “which is the real me?”
What are social virtues?
Teens place more emphasis on this (ex: Friendly, kind, considerate)
What is self-esteem?
The evaluative component about self-concept. Judgement and feelings about our own worth
What is overall self-esteem (or global)?
Stems from or self-concepts in multiple different aspects of life (ex: academics, social skills, athletics, appearance).
How is self-esteem hierarchical?
Specific competencies are grouped into categories and these are then grouped into overall self-esteem.
How is self-esteem typically weighted?
Emphasis is placed on what we’re good at. There are lots of individual differences in relative weightings of each factor.
What is the single greatest predictor of self-esteem on average?
Physical appearance.
How does self-esteem weighting cause a positive feedback loop?
Ex: Pride in academic acheivement, leads to belief that academics are important, leads to trying harder, which leads again to pride.
How does self-esteem shift in adolescence?
Adds more self-esteem factors (most related to social situations)-close friendships, romance, work. New competencies arise. Pride in these competencies and increasing confidence leads to majorly high self-esteem
What is an attribution?
Everyday explanation for a behaviour. We make attributions regarding success or failure. Also relates to expectations of success/failures, self-regulation, and persistence.
What are the 2 attribution patterns?
Mastery-Oriented and Learned Helplessness
