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Psyc 351` > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is language?

A

A system of symbols and rules for combining them, which can generate an infinite number of possible messages and meanings. Exchanging of thoughts, information and ideas.

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2
Q

What are the 3 important aspects of language?

A

Sender, messenger, receiver

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3
Q

What does the sender contribute to language?

A

Encodes it (orally, digitally, iconically, gesturally, embossed)

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4
Q

What is the message?

A

Spoken word, written word, symbols or graphics, sign, braille.

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5
Q

What is the job of the receiver?

A

Decoding (aural, visual, tactile)

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6
Q

What is receptive language?

A

The ability to understand (receive) language

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7
Q

What is expressive language?

A

The ability to express thoughts via language

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8
Q

What develops first, receptive or expressive language?

A

Receptive. Young children understand before they produce.

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9
Q

What are the 5 properties of language?

A

1) Symbolic
2) Structured
3) Conveys meaning
4) Generative
5) Permits displacement

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10
Q

What does it mean that language is symbolic?

A

Arbitrary symbols represent specific objects/actions. Words/sounds/signs don’t always look or sound like represented objects

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11
Q

What helps the development of symbolic understanding?

A

Pretend play

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12
Q

What does it mean that language is structured?

A

There are rules for meanings, sound/word/phrase combos.

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13
Q

What does it mean that language conveys meaning?

A

Once people know the symbols and rules, they can communicate ideas and thoughts

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14
Q

What does it mean that language is generative?

A

Symbols of a language can be combined to create an infinite number of messages (can express ideas that have never been expressed before).

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15
Q

What does it mean that language permits displacement?

A

You can refer to objects or events that are not physically present

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16
Q

How is language hierarchical?

A

Language is created using basic building blocks. Sounds/letters—> words—-> phrases—-> sentences—> conversations/paragraphs etc

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17
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Most basic units of speech sounds

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18
Q

How many phonemes does the English language use?

A

44

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19
Q

What region uses the least/most phonemes?

A

Hawaii: 12

Some African Place: 112

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20
Q

How many phonemes exist?

A

400

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21
Q

What happens when you change a phoneme?

A

The meaning of the word changes.

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22
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest units of meaning in a language (some are words, some are suffixes and prefixes)

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23
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of how we create words by combining morphemes.

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24
Q

What are semantics?

A

Meanings of words and sentences. Can change over time

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25
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences. Related to the fact that language is structured.

26
Q

What does Grammar encompass?

A

Both syntax and morphology

27
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Knowledge of the personal application of language. Social rules and context that can affect understanding and word choice.

28
Q

What is surface structure?

A

The words that are actually spoken or written or signed

29
Q

What is deep structure?

A

The underlying meaning of the sentence. Can have different surface structures but same deep (or vice versa)

30
Q

What is prosody?

A

When we use emphasis to communicate different meanings. Helps us disambiguate meanings of sentences. Prosody also helps the speaker understand what they’re trying to say.

31
Q

Do we only use prosody in response to the audience?

A

No. We consistently use it whether the listener needs it or not

32
Q

At what age do children change from citizens of the world to being more culture bound with respect to language?

A

6-8 months. Lose the ability to discriminate all the phonemes of the world and instead discriminate only those from their own language.

33
Q

What is typical of infant directed speech?

A

Baby talk, parentese. High pitched voice, short sentences, exaggerated expressions and gestures, clear pronunciation, repetition.

34
Q

What does infant-directed speech help with?

A

Language comprehension in babies, because they hear high-pitched speech better. We also do the same thing with non-native speakers!

35
Q

What happens at 5 months with respect to infant-directed speech?

A

Babies become more emotionally responsive and start to understand that different tones mean different things

36
Q

What happens from 6-12 months with respect to infant-directed speech?

A

Helps children identify phonemes of their language

37
Q

What happens from 1-2 years with respect to infant-directed speech?

A

Repetition of words helps children understand word meanings.

38
Q

What is cooing and when does it first happen?

A

First speech sounds. Happens at 2 months. Consists almost entirely of vowel sounds.

39
Q

What is babbling and when does it start?

A

Baby starts to include consonants in speech which are typically repeated (bababababa). Happens around 6 months

40
Q

What is echolalia and when does this start?

A

Immediate attempts to imitate speech sounds. Happens around 8 months

41
Q

When does the baby typically speak it’s first word and what is characteristic of these words?

A

12 months. Typically a repeated consonant, vowel combo (dada, mama)

42
Q

Which parents name usually gets spoken first?

A

The one who isn’t at home all the time

43
Q

What is the holophrastic stage and when does it happen?

A

Using single word sentences to communicate more complex messages. ex: up, or juice. Happens around 12-18 months.

44
Q

What is telegraphic speech and when does it start?

A

Using very basic phrases or sentences, often missing the less critical words ex: Give cookie, or dada outside. Happens around 18-24 months.

45
Q

What are some examples of how children will simplify words so they can pronounce them easier?

A

Omitting later consonants: juice-ju
Omitting unstressed syllables: Banana, nana
Replacing L or R with Y or W

46
Q

What is the sequence of how children begin to say words?

A

They say the stressed syllable first (ex: May-do instead of tomato). Then, add an unstressed syllable. Finally, they say the entire word. Still may need to refine pronunciation.

47
Q

What is underextension?

A

Using a word too narrowly (ex: using the word bear to refer ONLY to their special teddy bare). Not too common, happens in kids less than 16 months

48
Q

What is overextension?

A

Using a word too broadly. ex: Using car to refer to all cars, buses, trains, etc. Happens around 1.5-2yrs). Much more common

49
Q

What is word coining and when does it happen?

A

Making up labels for things the kid has no words for (ex: gardener=plant man). Happens around age 2

50
Q

Why do children use metaphors?

A

To communicate when they lack words (ex: tummy ache=fire engine in tummy)

51
Q

What is the vocabulary explosion?

A

Early toddlers learn 2-3 words per week. By 18-24 months, learn 2-3 words per day!

52
Q

What is fast-mapping?

A

How children learn words so fast. Deducing new terms through the process of elimination (Ex: group of objects, you know all but one. Can determine which it is through elimination).

53
Q

What type of language, receptive or expressive, is vocab explosion more pronounced for?

A

Receptive (comprehension)

54
Q

What is the mutual exclusivity bias?

A

Assumption that words refer to different, non-overlapping categories until corrected. Ex: Dog and animal are mutually exclusive.

55
Q

What is the shape bias?

A

Idea that only objects with similar shapes have the same names (ex: german shepherd and chihuahua.)

56
Q

What is syntactic boot strapping?

A

Observing how words are used in a sentence to figure out what is being referred to. How the word is used gives kids a clue as to what the word means. Use of syntax to see what words mean

57
Q

What is a child’s progression of learning morphemes?

A

Learn on and in, plurals, A versus the, ed (past tense).

58
Q

What is overregularization?

A

Applying a morphological rule incorrectly by extending it to exception words (eg: mouses or goose, thinked or runned).

59
Q

What kinds of langauge show consistent error patterns across languages?

A

Negations (example: Use no to mean never, don’t, not etc)

60
Q

What is the single most important influence on a child’s language development?

A

Quality of child-adult interactions. Children of mothers with a high verbal score learn 130 more words at 20 months and 300 more at 24

61
Q

What were the results of Hart and Risley’s study on language development in kids?

A

Professional: Child had learned 50 million words by 48 months
Working Class: 30 million words by 48 months
Welfare: 15 million words by 48 months.
Children in professional families receive more language and get a higher vocab

62
Q

What is the vicious cycle that arises for children who don’t use language as well?

A

Adults tend to speak less to non/low verbal infants AND tend to talk more for them. These infants could benefit the most from verbal exchanges.

Psyc 351` (17 decks)

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