Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if there are abnormalities on the other 22 pairs of chromosomes?

A

Greater differences in phenotype, greater chance of miscarriage, tendency to be fatal

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2
Q

What happens if there are abnormalities on the sex chromosomes?

A

Less likelihood of fatality and are more common. May cause developmental difficulties and inheritance is complex. More resilient when it comes to abnormalities of sex chromosomes.

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3
Q

What can cause a baby boy to become more feminine?

A

As the woman gets more and more pregnant, the body builds a natural resistance to testosterone.

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4
Q

Which parent determines the gender of the offspring?

A

Fathers, as there is a 50% chance of a Y sperm or an X sperm.

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5
Q

What chromosome has the most information?

A

X

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6
Q

What is one sex-linked trait that the X chromosome codes for and what happens with it?

A

Colourblindness. Men are more likely to have it since they only have one X chromosome-women need 2 X chromosomes to get it.

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7
Q

What happens when the father has the trait for colour blindness? (X-linked recessive trait)

A

All of the daughters will become carriers, sons will not

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8
Q

What happens when the mother is a carrier for colour blindness? (X-linked recessive trait)

A

Son has a 50% chance of being colour blind, and daughter has a 50% chance of becoming a carrier.

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9
Q

What is Rhett Syndrome?

A

A dominant X-chromosome disease that affects vitamin D absorption.

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10
Q

What happens with an x-linked dominant trait if the father versus the mother has it?

A

Father-All daughters will have trait, no son will

Mother-All children have 50% chance of trait

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11
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

A recessive x-linked condition where blood is more runny and does not clot when you cut yourself

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12
Q

What is anothe recessive x-chromosome condition?

A

Early baldness

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13
Q

What are genetic mutations?

A

When a new allele shows up out of nowhere without family history. Can be adaptive or maladaptive.

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14
Q

How often does the Albinism mutation come up?

A

1/20 000 babies.

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15
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Lack of skin pigmentation, vision problems, and sensitivity to light (can also occur in non-humans)

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16
Q

Why can’t mutations be defined to race?

A

Because no phenotype is exclusive to one race. We cannot be so distinct in our categorization of humans because we are all so diverse and unique.

17
Q

How is Down Syndrome unique?

A

It is not an affected chromosome, but the result of an extra one on chromosome 21

18
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Disease with no family history, gives person a slightly shorter lifespan, intellectual challenges (varies among patients), heart disease/hole in the heart, and distinct facial features.

19
Q

What is Trisomy 18?

A

Edwards Syndrome. Fatal after birth, due to apnea (inability to breathe

20
Q

What is Triploidy?

A

When fetus has 3 sets of chromosomes (69 in all), fetus cannot survive, caused by two sperms or double head sperm entering the egg.

21
Q

What can premarital testing and genetic testing do?

A

Show you family history and risk of passing on genetic diseases to offspring.

22
Q

What can IVF do?

A

Filter out affected genes, help create a “normal” child.