Lecture 9

Question 1

What are some of the safer maternal exercises and why are they safer?

Answer 1

Jogging, swimming (water stuff is safest)-helps with strength and flexibility, endorphins, ab muscles, improves energy levels, reduces stress

Question 2

Why are things like gymnastics and cycling not as safe in later months?

Answer 2

Balance issues due to baby moving around

Question 3

Why is stress relief during pregnancy critical?

Answer 3

Less oxygen to baby, weakened immune system, less health care behaviour

Question 4

What is the neural tube?

Answer 4

The tube that eventually forms into the CNS-needs to be FULLY CLOSED.

Question 5

What happens if the neural tube is not closed?

Answer 5

Not closed at bottom-Spina Bifida (paralysed from neck/waist down)
Not closed at top-brain doesn’t develop

Question 6

How do we get the neural tube to close?

Answer 6

Eat: Folic acid, whole grain carbs, fats, Omega-3, lean proteins, iron

Question 7

Why is it important to have an iron rich diet in pregnancy?

Answer 7

Because the fetus competes for Haemoglobin, higher risk of Anaemia

Question 8

Why should pregnant women eat 6 small meals a day instead of 3 big ones?

Answer 8

to keep blood sugar stable

Question 9

What are some foods to avoid during pregnancy?

Answer 9

Tuna (high mercury), prepped and cured meats and cheeses at deli (bacteria), produce, chemical additives and artificial sugars like aspertame.

Question 10

Why are teens at a higher risk in pregnancy?

Answer 10

Physically too small to birth and support a growing baby (bed rest), higher risk for poverty, stress, less education, health care, immaturity

Question 11

What is the median age of pregnancy?

Answer 11

30

Question 12

What are you more at risk for at ages 35 and 40 respectively?

Answer 12

35- increased infertility and irregular ovulation
40- greater chance of miscarriage, higher risk of down syndrome, higher chance of twins, chromosomal problems, health problems, osteoporosis.

Question 13

What is the typical weight gain in mothers?

Answer 13

35 lbs in 9 months

Question 14

What is sex?

Answer 14

Biological identity based on genetics, chromosomes, hormones, anatomy.

Question 15

What happens if a male is missing an X chromosome?

Answer 15

Nobody knows as this has never happened. Possible that the X chromosome is required for life OR all eggs contain an X.

Question 16

What is Turners Syndrome?

Answer 16

When a female is missing the second X chromosome. Presents as female, underdeveloped sex characteristics (no breasts, no periods, can’t have kids). Shorter neck and chest, lowered cognitive abilities. Can identify as intersex, non-binary.

Question 17

What happens if someone has three X chromsomes?

Answer 17

Possible menstrual irregularities (usually this goes undetected)

Question 18

What is a Supermale?

Answer 18

When a man has 2 Y chromosomes. Higher testosterone, taller, deeper voice, hairy. Used to suspect this was linked to criminal behaviour and did blood testing in the 50s to weed out the criminal boys.

Question 19

What is Klinefelters Syndrome?

Answer 19

XXY. Underdeveloped testes, some female sex characteristics such as wide hips and breast tissue, spectrum of presentations. Can be infertile or fertile, have low sperm count, intersex, female (self identified), or male, micropenis.

Question 20

What is Intersex?

Answer 20

Person who either has ambigious genitalia, non-binary, or physical characteristics of someone with both sexes.

Question 21

What is the most narrow definition of someone who is intersex?

Answer 21

Only ambigious genitalia (1/2000 births)

Question 22

What is the most broad definition of someone who is intersex?

Answer 22

Includes all non-binary people (1/100)

Question 23

What is the only physical defintion of intersex?

Answer 23

Does not include psychological causes like non-binary (1/1500 people)

Question 24

What are some of the genetic causes of intersex?

Answer 24

Klinefelters and Turners, genetics and environment, androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 25

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

Answer 25

Happens to biological females, body absorbs more testosterone than normal development of the penis. Some are born as feminine men, non-binary, or very athletic, queer women.

Question 26

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

Answer 26

Happens to biological males, body does not absorb testosterone, develops as female with testes. Incredibly feminin characteristics but have some extra testosterone.

Question 27

What is gender?

Answer 27

Your social role, developed historically due to the division of labour, power, and inheritance rules

Question 28

Who began measuring gender on one dimensional spectrum (male—–> female)

Answer 28

Sandra Bem

Question 29

What is the two dimension approach to gender?

Answer 29

Separate bars for masculine and feminine

Question 30

What is Androgyny?

Answer 30

Idea that developed in the 80s, having both feminine and masculine traits-skills in a broader range, linked to intelligence. Higher self-esteem especially in women

Question 31

What is the difference with Androgyny in men versus women?

Answer 31

Masculinization of women causes them to be more associated with power and workplace success.
Feminization of men causes them to be less accepted (transwomen are more likely to be attacked).