Lecture 9 Flashcards
What are some of the safer maternal exercises and why are they safer?
Jogging, swimming (water stuff is safest)-helps with strength and flexibility, endorphins, ab muscles, improves energy levels, reduces stress
Why are things like gymnastics and cycling not as safe in later months?
Balance issues due to baby moving around
Why is stress relief during pregnancy critical?
Less oxygen to baby, weakened immune system, less health care behaviour
What is the neural tube?
The tube that eventually forms into the CNS-needs to be FULLY CLOSED.
What happens if the neural tube is not closed?
Not closed at bottom-Spina Bifida (paralysed from neck/waist down)
Not closed at top-brain doesn’t develop
How do we get the neural tube to close?
Eat: Folic acid, whole grain carbs, fats, Omega-3, lean proteins, iron
Why is it important to have an iron rich diet in pregnancy?
Because the fetus competes for Haemoglobin, higher risk of Anaemia
Why should pregnant women eat 6 small meals a day instead of 3 big ones?
to keep blood sugar stable
What are some foods to avoid during pregnancy?
Tuna (high mercury), prepped and cured meats and cheeses at deli (bacteria), produce, chemical additives and artificial sugars like aspertame.
Why are teens at a higher risk in pregnancy?
Physically too small to birth and support a growing baby (bed rest), higher risk for poverty, stress, less education, health care, immaturity
What is the median age of pregnancy?
30
What are you more at risk for at ages 35 and 40 respectively?
35- increased infertility and irregular ovulation
40- greater chance of miscarriage, higher risk of down syndrome, higher chance of twins, chromosomal problems, health problems, osteoporosis.
What is the typical weight gain in mothers?
35 lbs in 9 months
What is sex?
Biological identity based on genetics, chromosomes, hormones, anatomy.
What happens if a male is missing an X chromosome?
Nobody knows as this has never happened. Possible that the X chromosome is required for life OR all eggs contain an X.
What is Turners Syndrome?
When a female is missing the second X chromosome. Presents as female, underdeveloped sex characteristics (no breasts, no periods, can’t have kids). Shorter neck and chest, lowered cognitive abilities. Can identify as intersex, non-binary.
What happens if someone has three X chromsomes?
Possible menstrual irregularities (usually this goes undetected)
What is a Supermale?
When a man has 2 Y chromosomes. Higher testosterone, taller, deeper voice, hairy. Used to suspect this was linked to criminal behaviour and did blood testing in the 50s to weed out the criminal boys.
What is Klinefelters Syndrome?
XXY. Underdeveloped testes, some female sex characteristics such as wide hips and breast tissue, spectrum of presentations. Can be infertile or fertile, have low sperm count, intersex, female (self identified), or male, micropenis.
What is Intersex?
Person who either has ambigious genitalia, non-binary, or physical characteristics of someone with both sexes.
What is the most narrow definition of someone who is intersex?
Only ambigious genitalia (1/2000 births)
What is the most broad definition of someone who is intersex?
Includes all non-binary people (1/100)
What is the only physical defintion of intersex?
Does not include psychological causes like non-binary (1/1500 people)
What are some of the genetic causes of intersex?
Klinefelters and Turners, genetics and environment, androgen insensitivity syndrome
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
Happens to biological females, body absorbs more testosterone than normal development of the penis. Some are born as feminine men, non-binary, or very athletic, queer women.
What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
Happens to biological males, body does not absorb testosterone, develops as female with testes. Incredibly feminin characteristics but have some extra testosterone.
What is gender?
Your social role, developed historically due to the division of labour, power, and inheritance rules
Who began measuring gender on one dimensional spectrum (male—–> female)
Sandra Bem
What is the two dimension approach to gender?
Separate bars for masculine and feminine
What is Androgyny?
Idea that developed in the 80s, having both feminine and masculine traits-skills in a broader range, linked to intelligence. Higher self-esteem especially in women
What is the difference with Androgyny in men versus women?
Masculinization of women causes them to be more associated with power and workplace success.
Feminization of men causes them to be less accepted (transwomen are more likely to be attacked).
