Lecture 6

Question 1

What is a passive gene-environment correlation?

Answer 1

When a child’s genes and their environment compliment each other

Question 2

What is a reactive gene-environment correlation?

Answer 2

Environment doesn’t immediately match genetics, but you can get a reaction from your environment to match. Changing home environment

Question 3

What is active gene-environment correlation?

Answer 3

The person seeks out their environment-child has to go a step further to find an environment that will match their genetics. Have to leave home environment to find matching environment

Question 4

What else (other than genetics) can affect a child’s early traits and personality?

Answer 4

Prenatal experience.

Question 5

How long is the cycle of menstration?

Answer 5

28 days

Question 6

On what day is the egg released and how long does it live for?

Answer 6

Day 9-16, lives for 24-48 hours.

Question 7

What is the percent chance that an egg and sperm will actually implant and lead to pregnancy?

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

What happens with the other 75%?

Answer 8

Chemical pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, no conception

Question 9

What percentage of pregnancies end in miscarriage and what can affect this percentage?

Answer 9

15%, age.

Question 10

Where does conception take place?

Answer 10

The fallopian tube!

Question 11

How many hours does it take for the chromosomes to combine into a zygote?

Answer 11

36 hours to divide into 2 cells, 48 to divide into 4.

Question 12

How many specialized cells are there after 3 days of fertilization?

Answer 12

16-32.

Question 13

How many days does it take for the zygote to enter the uterus and attach to the uterine wall?

Answer 13

Enters uterus: 5 days

Attachment: Day 6 or 7

Question 14

How many days after fertilization can you detect pregnancy?

Answer 14

12-14 days

Question 15

Why are you considered to be 4 weeks pregnant when really it’s only been 2 weeks?

Answer 15

Because we count pregnancy from the last day of your cycle.

Question 16

What is implantation?

Answer 16

When the blastocyte connects with the moms blood vessels and signals are sent to the pituitary gland to start up pregnancy horomones.

Question 17

What is the germ disc?

Answer 17

Centre of the blastocyst sphere-has potential to turn into a human while the rest of the blastocyte is nutrients for the germ disc.

Question 18

When do the germ disc cells begin to specialize?

Answer 18

At 3-8 weeks

Question 19

What is the ectoderm?

Answer 19

Outer layer- hair, skin, nervous system

Question 20

What is the mesoderm?

Answer 20

Middle layer- muscle, bones, circulatory system, PNS

Question 21

What is the endoderm?

Answer 21

Inner layer- digestive tract, lungs, CNS

Question 22

When are we more likely to miscarry?

Answer 22

At 3-8 weeks when the germ disc becomes an embryo.

Question 23

What is the placenta

Answer 23

Area that provides oxygen and food and takes away toxins. Also a filter to protect the embryo

Question 24

What is the amniotic sac?

Answer 24

A bubble of water that cushions the embryo and gives it fluid movement. You can flavour the amniotic sac to bias the childs food preferences.

Question 25

What is the umbilical cord?

Answer 25

Receives the nutrients and sends away waste.

Question 26

What happens at week 3 of embryo development?

Answer 26

Vestigial structures, tails, gills.

Question 27

What happens at week 4 of embryo development?

Answer 27

Organ and limb development, jaws, chin, cheek, ear canals, dots for eyes. Heart is the size of a poppyseed, neural tube development

Question 28

What happens at week 5 of embryo development?

Answer 28

Mouth and tongue, paddle-like arm and leg buds, kidney formation

Question 29

What happens at week 6 of embryo development?

Answer 29

Lips, nose, eyelids. Heart beats at 150 beats per minute. Spontaneous movements in limbs

Question 30

What happens at week 7 of embryo development?

Answer 30

Brain and nervous system

Question 31

What happens at week 8 of embryo development?

Answer 31

Bones and cartilage form, indentations turn to knees and ankles, arms of moving

Question 32

What happens during weeks 9-38?

Answer 32

Rapid and most noticeable growth, most systems start to function, looks more like a baby

Question 33

What happens during weeks 9-12? (period of fetus)

Answer 33

Fingernails and toenails develop, nasal passages and side ears, hands and feet, sexual development-release of testosterone, change ovaries to testes, vagina to penis

Question 34

What happens during weeks 13-16?

Answer 34

Circulatory system working, mom starts to feel movement, strengthening of neck, hair growth, wiggle fingers and suck thumb, eyes work

Question 35

What happens during week 17-20?

Answer 35

Eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair. Lanugo-hair all over body. Vernix-waxy, cheese-like coating. Yawning and hiccups. Sex determined by ultrasound

Question 36

What happens during weeks 20-24?

Answer 36

Swallowing movements, taste preferences (including amniotic fluid), preferences for rhymes and voices, sensitive to light, rapid skin growth

Question 37

What happens during weeks 25-28?

Answer 37

Age of viability (22 wks is earliest), advanced lung development, brain specialization, body temperature regulation

Question 38

What happens during weeks 29-32?

Answer 38

Body fat development, insulation for temperature regulation, lunago sheds

Question 39

What happens during weeks 33-38?

Answer 39

Rapid brain development, movement and positioning for birth, digestive system completion

Question 40

How long is each period in pregnancy respectively (zygote, embryo, fetus)

Answer 40

Zygote: 2 Weeks
Embryo: 8 weeks
Fetus: 30 weeks