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Biochemistry > Section 9 > Flashcards

Section 9 Flashcards

1
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, what does glucose make?

A

Lactate

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2
Q

In aerobic glycolysis, what does glucose make?

A

Pyruvate

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?

A

2 x pyruvates

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5
Q

What is the net energy made in aerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATPs

2 in and 4 out

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6
Q

What is the ΔG in aerobic glycolysis?

A

-22kcal/mol

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7
Q

What is fructosuria?

A

Deficiency of fructokinase

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8
Q

What is hereditary fructose intolerance and what is it caused by?

A

Deficiency in aldolase B whic causes accumulation of F-1-P which causes hypoglycemia

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9
Q

Which age group is able to metabolize galactose?

A

Infants

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10
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

Caused by deficiency of galactokinase resulting in a accumulation of galactose

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11
Q

High levels of galactose leads to…? Where does it accumulate to?

A

Galactitol

Eyes and causes cataracts

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12
Q

What is classical galactosemia?

A

Deficiency of galactose-1-P uridyltransferase which accumulates G-1-P and galactose. Causes irreversible intellectual disability.

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13
Q

What catalyzes oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and TCA cycle?

A

PDC

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14
Q

If there is an excess of lactate, who will take it up?

A

Liver and heart tissues

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15
Q

What will lactate do once it is taken up by certain organs because there was an excess amount of it?

A

Converted to pyruvate then to glucose via gluconeogenesis which will complete the Cori Cycle

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16
Q

Besides glycolysis, what is glucose-6-P used for?

A

Five-carbon sugars

17
Q

Besides glycolysis, what is 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate + 3PG used for?

A

2,3-bis-PG

18
Q

Besides glycolysis, what is 3-PG used for?

A

2,3-bis-PG + Serine

19
Q

Besides glycolysis, what is Pyruvate used for?

A

Alanine

20
Q

How many molecules of NADH does glycolysis make?

A

2 molecules of NADH

21
Q

What is NADH used for after it is made from glycolysis?

A

Transfers its reducing equivalents to mitochondrial NAD+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

What are the key regulated enzymes of glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. PFK-1
  3. Pyruvate kinase
23
Q

How does fructose compare to glucose in glycolysis?

A

Fructose generates F-1-P then converted to intermediate of the glycolytic pathway

24
Q

Fructose is ingested principally as the monosaccharide or a part of ______

A

sucrose

25
Q

Galactose is ingested principally as _____, which is converted to ______ + _____ in the intestines

A

lactose

glucose + galactose

26
Q

How does galactose enter glycolysis?

A

Galactose, then galactose 1-phosphate, then UDP-galactose, end product is glucose-1-phosphate which is isomerized to glucose -6-phosphate then enters glycolysis

27
Q

The energy yield through glycolysis for both fructose and galactose is ______ as for glucose metabolism

A. more
B. the same
C. less

A

B. the same

28
Q

Why do O2-delivery RBC have to rely on anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP?

A

They dont have mitochondria + aerobic glycolysis consumes O2 which contradicts the main function of RBC

29
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, how many net ATP + NADH does it generate?

A

2 ATP and 0 NADH

30
Q

Which of the following is a unique feature of glycolysis?

A. Generates ATP
B. Occurs in cytosol
C. Produces intermediates for biosynthesis of other molecules
D. Occurs with or w/o O2
E. Utilize glucose
A

D. Occurs with or w/o O2

31
Q

Besides RBC, anaerobic glycolysis also occurs under which condition(s)?

  1. Brain
  2. Kidney Medulla
  3. Muscle cells under exercise
  4. Skin
  5. Tumor
A

All of them

32
Q

Why is AMP level a more sensitive indicator of the rate of ATP consumption?

A

AMP level is low but its relative change is more significant; a small drop in ATP level results in a big increase in AMP levels

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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