Section 9

Question 1

In anaerobic glycolysis, what does glucose make?

Answer 1

Lactate

Question 2

In aerobic glycolysis, what does glucose make?

Answer 2

Pyruvate

Question 3

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 3

Cytosol

Question 4

What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 4

2 x pyruvates

Question 5

What is the net energy made in aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 5

2 ATPs

2 in and 4 out

Question 6

What is the ΔG in aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 6

-22kcal/mol

Question 7

What is fructosuria?

Answer 7

Deficiency of fructokinase

Question 8

What is hereditary fructose intolerance and what is it caused by?

Answer 8

Deficiency in aldolase B whic causes accumulation of F-1-P which causes hypoglycemia

Question 9

Which age group is able to metabolize galactose?

Answer 9

Infants

Question 10

What is galactosemia?

Answer 10

Caused by deficiency of galactokinase resulting in a accumulation of galactose

Question 11

High levels of galactose leads to…? Where does it accumulate to?

Answer 11

Galactitol

Eyes and causes cataracts

Question 12

What is classical galactosemia?

Answer 12

Deficiency of galactose-1-P uridyltransferase which accumulates G-1-P and galactose. Causes irreversible intellectual disability.

Question 13

What catalyzes oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA from glycolysis and TCA cycle?

Answer 13

PDC

Question 14

If there is an excess of lactate, who will take it up?

Answer 14

Liver and heart tissues

Question 15

What will lactate do once it is taken up by certain organs because there was an excess amount of it?

Answer 15

Converted to pyruvate then to glucose via gluconeogenesis which will complete the Cori Cycle

Question 16

Besides glycolysis, what is glucose-6-P used for?

Answer 16

Five-carbon sugars

Question 17

Besides glycolysis, what is 1,3-bis-phosphoglycerate + 3PG used for?

Answer 17

2,3-bis-PG

Question 18

Besides glycolysis, what is 3-PG used for?

Answer 18

2,3-bis-PG + Serine

Question 19

Besides glycolysis, what is Pyruvate used for?

Answer 19

Alanine

Question 20

How many molecules of NADH does glycolysis make?

Answer 20

2 molecules of NADH

Question 21

What is NADH used for after it is made from glycolysis?

Answer 21

Transfers its reducing equivalents to mitochondrial NAD+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

What are the key regulated enzymes of glycolysis?

Answer 22

1. Hexokinase
2. PFK-1
3. Pyruvate kinase

Question 23

How does fructose compare to glucose in glycolysis?

Answer 23

Fructose generates F-1-P then converted to intermediate of the glycolytic pathway

Question 24

Fructose is ingested principally as the monosaccharide or a part of ______

Answer 24

sucrose

Question 25

Galactose is ingested principally as _____, which is converted to ______ + _____ in the intestines

Answer 25

lactose glucose + galactose

Question 26

How does galactose enter glycolysis?

Answer 26

Galactose, then galactose 1-phosphate, then UDP-galactose, end product is glucose-1-phosphate which is isomerized to glucose -6-phosphate then enters glycolysis

Question 27

The energy yield through glycolysis for both fructose and galactose is ______ as for glucose metabolism A. more B. the same C. less

Answer 27

B. the same

Question 28

Why do O2-delivery RBC have to rely on anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP?

Answer 28

They dont have mitochondria + aerobic glycolysis consumes O2 which contradicts the main function of RBC

Question 29

In anaerobic glycolysis, how many net ATP + NADH does it generate?

Answer 29

2 ATP and 0 NADH

Question 30

Which of the following is a unique feature of glycolysis? ``` A. Generates ATP B. Occurs in cytosol C. Produces intermediates for biosynthesis of other molecules D. Occurs with or w/o O2 E. Utilize glucose ```

Answer 30

D. Occurs with or w/o O2

Question 31

Besides RBC, anaerobic glycolysis also occurs under which condition(s)? 1. Brain 2. Kidney Medulla 3. Muscle cells under exercise 4. Skin 5. Tumor

Answer 31

All of them

Question 32

Why is AMP level a more sensitive indicator of the rate of ATP consumption?

Answer 32

AMP level is low but its relative change is more significant; a small drop in ATP level results in a big increase in AMP levels