Oxidation of FA + Ketones

Question 1

How are FAs classified?

Answer 1

1. Length
2. Even vs odd chains
3. Structural (linear, trans, cis, branched)
4. Saturation

Question 2

What is the fate of Fatty Acyl-CoA for the synthesis of ketones?

Answer 2

d

Question 3

What is the fate of Fatty Acyl-CoA for the synthesis of TGs?

Answer 3

a

Question 4

What is the fate of Fatty Acyl-CoA for the synthesis of other lipids?

Answer 4

a

Question 5

How much energy is consumed during the activation process of fatty acids?

Answer 5

2 high-energy bonds = hydrolysis of 2 ATP into 2 ADP

Question 6

Why cant white adipose tissue and mature RBC not oxidize long-chain FA?

Answer 6

They dont have mitochondria

Question 7

Why does the oxidation of FAD(2H) take so much effort?

Answer 7

To minimize the accidental production of ROSs during ETC

Question 8

Of the ketone bodies, which cannot be used?

Answer 8

Acetone; it is exhaled

Question 9

Can liver/RBC utilize ketone bodies? Why or why not?

Answer 9

Liver cant use them because they are produced there

RBC cant use them because they dont have mitochondria

Question 10

Can a human being survive more than 30 days w/o food or water?

Answer 10

a

Question 11

During overnight fasting, FA become the major fuel for what regions?

Answer 11

1. Cardiac muscles
2. Skeletal muscles
3. Liver

Question 12

Can the nervous system use FA as fuel?

Answer 12

No, liver must convert it to ketones

Question 13

How are FA activated?

Answer 13

In cells, they are activated to acyl-CoA derivative by acyl-CoA synthetases

Question 14

How is Acyl-CoA transported to the mitochondria?

Answer 14

Via carnitine

Question 15

Alternative pathways for very-long chain and branched-chain FA oxidation occurs within _____

Answer 15

peroxisomes

Question 16

The entry of FA into mitochondria is regulated by ________ levels

Answer 16

malonyl-CoA

Question 17

(Saturated/Unsaturated) and (Even/Odd)-chain FA require additional rxn for their metabolism

Answer 17

Unsaturated + Odd

Question 18

What kind of fuel is more readily oxidized?

Answer 18

Structures close to acetyl-CoA

Question 19

What carries FA thru blood stream and plasma membrane?

Answer 19

Albumin

Question 20

What carries FA thru cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 20

CoA; binding proteins

Question 21

How does FA turn to fatty acyl-CoA?

Answer 21

Acyl CoA synthetase

Question 22

How does Fatty acyl-CoA go thru the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 22

Diffusion

Question 23

Before fatty acyl-CoA goes across the inner mitochondrial membrane, what must it do?

Answer 23

Transform to fatty acyl-carnitine then goes thru acyl-carnitine translocase

Question 24

What happens to fatty acyl-carnitine once it is across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 24

Transforms it to fatty acyl-CoA via palmitoyl-transferase II, then proceeds to beta-oxidation

Question 25

Beta-oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA turns it into….

Answer 25

acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Omega-oxidation of FA in ER converts them to _____ acids

Answer 26

bicarboxylic