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Biochemistry > Block 2 Exam review > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. ATP is recognized as the “universal fuel”
b. Mitochondria are called the “cellular engine”
c. Glucose is known as the “universal energy currency”
d. Only ATP molecule contains a high-energy bond

A

B

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2
Q

The change in Gibbs free energy ΔG0 in a reaction is NOT influenced by

a. Temperature
b. pH
c. Substrate or product concentration
d. The cleanness of a reaction vessel

A

D

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3
Q

. In order for a cell to carry out its biologic functions, the intracellular reactions need to be directed to follow a certain pathway. Which of the following statements best describes the direction a chemical reaction will follow?

a. Under standard conditions, a reaction will proceed in the forward direction if the free energy ΔG0 is positive
b. A reaction with positive free energy will proceed in the forward direction if the substrate concentration is raised high enough
c. The direction of a reaction is independent of the initial substrate and product concentrations because the direction is determined by the change in free energy
d. The enzyme for the reaction must be working at >50% of its maximum efficiency for the reaction to proceed in the forward direction

A

B

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4
Q

Which one of the following statements accurately described an aspect of ATP metabolism?

a. ATP is more stable than ADP
b. ATP has more positively charged phosphate groups than ADP
c. Phosphate groups in ATP repel each other, which leads to strained bond formation
d. Heat from ATP hydrolysis is used to drive most energy requiring processes

A

C

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5
Q

All physiologic processes in living cells require energy transformation. Which one of the following would be considered biochemical work using ATP as energy input?

a. Contracting muscle fibers
b. Developing a Na+ gradient across a membrane
c. Maintain body temperature during a polar bear plunge
d. Converting toxic compounds to nontoxic compounds in the liver

A

D

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of glycolysis?

a. Generates energy
b. Provides intermediates for other biosynthetic processes
c. Maintains ATP homeostasis in all cells
d. Store excessive glucose as glycogen

A

D

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE about glycolysis?

a. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
b. ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation during glycolysis
c. Anaerobic glycolysis can occur in the red blood cells which carry oxygen
d. The end product of aerobic glycolysis is lactate

A

C

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8
Q

The major fate of lactate generated from anaerobic glycolysis in extraneously exercising muscle cells is which of the following?

a. Stored in muscle cells
b. Excreted through urine
c. Oxidized directly to acetyl CoA in mitochondria
d. Converted to pyruvate then to glucose in the liver

A

D

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9
Q

A 4-week old baby is being seen by the pediatrician because of frequent vomiting after meals and tenderness in the abdomen. Upon examination, the physician noted an enlarged liver and a hint of cataract formation in both of the child’s eyes. A urine dipstick test for a reducing sugar gave a positive result. Blood glucose levels were slightly below normal. The compound that reacted with the urine dipstick test was most likely which of the following?

a. Fluctose
b. Galactose
c. Glucose
d. Lactose

A

B

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10
Q

The red blood cells require ATP in order to maintain ion gradients across their membrane. In the absence of these gradients, the red blood cells will swell and burst, bring about a hemolytic anemia. Red blood cells generate their energy via which of the following process?

a. Substrate-level phosphorylation
b. Oxidative phosphorylation
c. Electron transfer to oxygen
d. Complete oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O

A

A

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11
Q

Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is NOT true?

a. TCA cycle, followed by electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, accounts for more than 2/3 of the ATP generated from fuel oxidation
b. All the enzymes required for the TCA cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix
c. Acetyl CoA is the direct substrate of the TCA cycle
d. TCA cycle has dynamic influx and efflux of intermediates

A

B, credit can be given for A as well

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12
Q

A distance runner is training for her half marathon and as part of the training is allowing her muscles to use fatty acids as a fuel source. Fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, at which point the acetyl-CoA can be oxidized in the TCA cycle to generate reduced cofactors. Which one of the following correctly describes how the acetyl-CoA is metabolized in the mitochondria?

a. One molecule of acetyl-CoA produces two molecules of CO2, three molecules of NADH, one molecule of FAD(2H) and one molecule of ATP
b. All of the energy for high-energy phosphate bonds is derived from oxidative phosphorylation
c. NAD+ is the sole electron acceptor in the cycle
d. Substrate-level phosphorylation generates one high-energy phosphate bond during the cycle

A

D

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a source of acetyl CoA group entering the TCA cycle?

a. Fatty acids
b. Ketone bodies
c. Sugars
d. Vitamins

A

D

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14
Q

For a healthy individual with adequate food intake, intensive exercise usually results in the increase of

a. water content in the body
b. number and size of cells in the body
c. fatty acid/adipose mass in the body
d. number and size of mitochondria in muscle cells

A

D

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15
Q

A patient diagnosed with thiamine deficiency exhibited fatigue and muscle cramps. The muscle cramps have been related to an accumulation of metabolic acids. Which of the following metabolic acids is most likely to accumulate in a thiamine deficiency?

a. Isocitric acid
b. Oxaloacetate acid
c. Pyruvic acid
d. Succinic acid

A

C

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT required for oxidative phosphorylation to take place in the first place?

a. ADP
b. ATP
c. Electron donor NADH + H+ or FAD(2H)
d. Electron acceptor O2

A

B

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17
Q

Which of the following belongs to both the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain?

a. Complex I
b. Complex II
c. Complex III
d. Complex IV

A

B

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18
Q

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is not a protein but a chemical molecule with a long 50-carbon tail; it is a versatile electron transfer carrier. What is the physicochemical function of its long tail?

a. To make CoQ hydrophobic so it stays within the mitochondrial matrix
b. To make CoQ hydrophobic so it stays within the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. For pumping protons
d. For interacting with other electron transport components

A

B

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19
Q

In order for cells to function properly, energy is required; for most cells, the energy is primarily derived from the high-energy bond of ATP, which is produced through oxidative phosphorylation. Which one of the following is a key component of oxidative phosphorylation?

a. Using NADH and FAD(2H) to accept electrons as substrates are oxidized
b. Creating a permeable inner mitochondrial membrane as allow mitochondrial ATP to enter the cytosol as it is made
c. An ATP synthase to synthesize ATP
d. A source of electron donor, which is usually oxygen in most tissues

A

C

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20
Q

Which of the following would be expected for a patient with an OXPHOS disease?

a. A high ATP:ADP ratio in the mitochondria
b. A high NADH:NAD+ ratio in the mitochondria
c. A defect in the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane
d. A deletion on the X chromosome

A

B

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21
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning directly impacts which of the following pathway?

a. Glycolysis
b. TCA cycle
c. Electron transport chain
d. ATP synthesis

A

C

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22
Q

Dinitrophenol, which was once tested as a weight-loss agent, acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation by which of the following mechanisms?

a. Activating CoQ
b. Blocking proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. Draining protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane without generating ATP
d. Enhancing oxygen transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

C

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23
Q

In contrast to dinitrophenol, which is chemical uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, thermogenin is a natural uncoupling protein present in baby brown fat. What is the natural function of thermogenin?

a. Activating glycolysis to maintain ATP homeostasis
b. Enhancing ATP production in TCA cycle
c. Exchanging Na+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane to reduce toxicity
d. Facilitating proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate heat

A

D

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24
Q

Which of the following is true?

a. All free radicals are reactive species
b. All reactive species are free radicals
c. Both a) and b) are true
d. Neither a) or b) is true

A

A

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25
Q

An accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in a cellular compartment can be converted to dangerous radical forms in the presence of which metal?

a. Gold
b. Iron
c. Magnesium
d. Sodium

A

B

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26
Q

An individual taking xenobiotics, such as alcohol, medications, and other foreign chemicals, can increase the risk of free-radical injury through which of the following mechanisms?

a. Reaction of O2 with CoQ
b. Induction of oxidases in peroxisomes
c. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes in smooth ER
d. Free radicals present in the ingested materials

A

C

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27
Q

Which cellular component is most vulnerable to damage caused by external free radicals?

a. DNA
b. Mitochondria
c. Plasma membrane
d. Protein

A

C

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28
Q

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are always bad for health.

a. True
b. False

A

B

29
Q

Which of the following is NOT an antioxidant?

a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B
c. Vitamin C
d. Vitamin E

A

B

30
Q

The mechanism of vitamin E as an antioxidant is which of the following?

a. Vitamin E inhibits radical-producing enzymes
b. Vitamin E binds to free radicals and sequesters them from the contents of the cell
c. Vitamin E participates in the oxidation of the radicals
d. Vitamin E participates in the reduction of radicals

A

D

31
Q

A balanced diet contains antioxidant molecules that help to protect cells from free-radical injury. Which one of the following foods contains high levels of an antioxidant?

a. Orange
b. Enriched bread
c. Diary product
d. Energy drink

A

A

32
Q

β−oxidation of long chain fatty acid can occur in which of the following tissues or organs?

a. Brown adipose tissue
b. White adipose tissue
c. Liver
d. Red blood cells

A

A or C

33
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Complete oxidation of a double-unsaturated fatty acid produces more ATP than complete oxidation of an equal carbon-number of saturated fatty acid
b. Complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid produces more ATP than complete oxidation of an equal carbon-number of double-unsaturated fatty acid

A

B

34
Q

Alternative fatty acid oxidation may occur in which of the following organelles?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Mitochondria
c. Peroxisome
d. All of the above

A

D

35
Q

Which of the followings is NOT a direct product of any fatty acid oxidation process?

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Bicarboxylic acid
c. Malonyl CoA
d. Propionyl CoA

A

C

36
Q

Ketone bodies can NOT be used in which of the following tissues or organs?

a. Brain
b. Muscle
c. Liver
d. Gut

A

C

37
Q

Elevated levels of ketone bodies can be found in the blood of people with untreated type 1 diabetes and individuals on severe diets. A major difference in the laboratory findings of metabolites in the blood of each type of individual (type 1 diabetes vs. the diet) would be which of the following?

a. Free fatty acid levels
b. Glucose levels
c. Lactate levels
d. Six- and eight-carbon dicarboxylic acid levels

A

B

38
Q

A patient with diabetes in ketoacidosis has a specific odor to the breath. Which one of the following compounds is responsible for this odor?

a. Acetoacetate
b. Acetone
c. Acetyl-CoA
d. CO2

A

B

39
Q

A newborn child has been determined to be unable to oxidize phytanic acid and is placed on a diet containing very low levels of this unusual branched fatty acid. The organelle most likely to contain the defective enzyme, or be altered in this disorder, is which one of the following?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Lysosome
c. Mitochondria
d. Peroxisome

A

D

40
Q

Beer contains about 4-6% of alcohol (ethanol) by volume. The MW (molecular weight) of ethanol is 46.1 g/mol. What is the approximate molar concentration of ethanol in beer?

a. 0.1 M
b. 1 M
c. 2 M
d. 4 M
e. 10 M

A

B

41
Q

o address this question, apply the result of Question #1: The Km values of ADH1A/B/C (class I alcohol dehydrogenases), ADH2, ADH4 and ADH3 are <5 mM, 23 mM, 58 mM and 3400 mM, respectively. Having one beer would saturate most of the ADH enzyme’s catalytic capacity EXCEPT which of the following?

a. ADH1A/B/C
b. ADH2
c. ADH3
d. ADH4

A

D

42
Q

Which of the following statements about ethanol metabolism is TURE?

a. Acetaldehyde, acetate and free radicals all contribute to ethanol toxicity
b. The major pathway of ethanol metabolism produces both acetaldehyde and free radicals
c. The P450-mediated pathway of ethanol metabolism produces both acetaldehyde and free radicals
d. Ingestion of small amount of ethanol induces the P450-mediated pathway of ethanol metabolism

A

C

43
Q

An allelic variant of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B (designated ADH1B2), commonly existing among East Asian population, has an increased Vmax toward alcohol. A common allelic variant of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2 (designated ALDH22) has a much higher Km of 46 uM and a much decreased Vmax (0.017 units/mg vs. 0.60 units/mg). Based on physiology only, which of the following individuals has the least chance to become alcoholic?

a. One with ADH1B and ALDH2
b. One with ADH1B2 and ALDH2
c. One with ADH1B and ALDH22
d. One with ADH1B2 and ALDH22

A

D

44
Q

A chronic alcoholic is in treatment for alcohol abuse. The drug disulfiram is prescribed for the patient. This drug deters the consumption of alcohol by which one of the following mechanisms?

a. Inhibiting the absorption of ethanol so that an individual cannot become intoxicated, regardless of how much he or she drinks
b. Inhibiting the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde, which cause the excretion of unmetabolized ethanol
c. Activating the excessive metabolism of ethanol to acetate, which causes inebriation with consumption of a small amount of alcohol
d. Blocking the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate, which causes the accumulation of acetaldehyde
e. Preventing the excretion of acetate, which causes nausea and vomiting

A

D

45
Q

Induction of CYP2E1 P450 oxidase would result in which of the following?

a. A decreased clearance of ethanol from the blood
b. A decrease in the rate of acetaldehyde production
c. An increase of one’s alcohol tolerance level
d. A low possibility of the generation of free radicals
e. Protection from hepatic damage

A

C

46
Q

Which of the following would be expected to occur after acute ingestion of large amount of alcohol?

a. An increase of NAD+/NADH ratio
b. An increase of TCA rate
c. An increase of fatty acid oxidation
d. Inhibition of ketogenesis
e. Lactic acidosis

A

E

47
Q

Which of the following consequences of chronic alcohol consumption is irreversible?

a. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
b. Activation of triacylglycerol synthesis
c. Ketoacidosis
d. Lactic acidosis
e. Liver cirrhosis

A

E

48
Q

What is the fundamental biochemical reason for us to breathe?

A. To buffer our blood to maintain a pH homeostasis
B. To inflate our lungs
C. To oxidize fuels with O2 to produce ATP
D. To purge CO2

A

C

49
Q

All cells require energy to survive and the laws of thermodynamics need to be followed within biologic systems. Which one of the following bioenergetic terms or statements is defined correctly?
A. The first law of thermodynamics states that the universe tends toward an increased order
B. The second law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant
C. The change in enthalpy (ΔH) of a reaction is a measure of the total amount of heat that can be released from changes in the chemical bonds
D. ΔG0’ of a reaction is the standard free-energy change measured at 37°C and a pH at 7.4
E. A high-energy bond is a bond that releases >3 kcal/mol of heat when it is hydrolyzed

A

C

50
Q

True or False? For a hypothetical reaction aA + bB <=> cC + dD, the forward reaction has a ΔG0’ of +2.4 kcal/mol, therefore it is thermodynamically favorable.
True
False

A

False

51
Q

It is estimated that the daily hydrolysis of ATP by our heart is about 16 g of ATP per g of tissue. An average human heart weighs 350 g that contains about 4 g of ATP at ATP homeostasis, approximately how many turnovers of ATP occur daily in the heart?

a. 10
b. 100
c. 800
d. 1,000
e. 1,400
A

E

(350*16)/4 = 1400

52
Q

Which of the followings is a unique feature of glycolysis?
A. Generates ATP
B. Occurs in cytosol
C. Produces intermediates for the biosynthesis of other molecules
D. Occurs with or without O2
E. Utilize glucose

A

D

53
Q

In liver and β-cells of the pancreas, glucokinase (an isoform of hexokinase) also catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), but glucokinase has a much higher Km for glucose than that of hexokinase. What is the benefit of this high Km ?

A. Liver and β-cells of the pancreas continue to produce extra level of ATP even when energy levels are high
B. Liver and β-cells of the pancreas are able to continue to use glucose for the synthesis of glycogen and other storage molecules under ATP homeostasis

A

B

54
Q

For the question below, please use the following keys

A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true

Besides mature red blood cells, anaerobic glycolysis also occurs significantly in/under which of the following tissues or conditions?

  1. Brain
  2. Kidney medulla
  3. Muscle cells during strenuous exercise
  4. Skin
  5. Tumor
A

D

55
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All of them are true
E. None of them is true

The TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is also known as

  1. The ATP cycle
  2. The citric acid cycle
  3. The Jacobson cycle
  4. The Krebs cycle
A

B

56
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All of them are true
E. None of them is true

The TCA cycle requires which of the following cofactors?

  1. Coenzyme A
  2. FAD
  3. Lipoate
  4. NAD+
  5. Thiamine pyrophosphate
A

D

57
Q

Vitamin thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme of several enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Thiamine deficiency can result in Beriberi symptom, lactate acidosis and cardiomyopathy (congestive heart failure). Which of the following is a major cause of thiamine deficiency BESIDES inherited genetic mutation?

A. Alcoholism
B. Excessive exercise
C. Nicotine addiction
D. Obesity
E. Vegetarianism
A

A

58
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All of them are true
E. None of them is true

Which of the following statements about metabolic pathway regulation is true?

  1. Feedback regulation is common
  2. Regulation may occur by compartmentation
  3. Regulation may occur at rate of gene expression
  4. Regulation often occurs at the last step of a pathway
  5. Regulation often occurs at the fastest step of a pathway
A

C

59
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All of them are true
E. None of them is true

The TCA cycle is regulated mainly by which of the following factors to achieve an ATP homeostasis?

  1. The ratio of [ADP]/[ATP]
  2. The ratio of [NADH]/[NAD+]
  3. [Ca2+]
  4. The ratio of [ATP]/[NAD+]
  5. The ratio of [ADP]/[NADH]
A

C

60
Q

Which of the followings belongs to both the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain?

A. Complex I
B. CoQ
C. Complex II
D. Complex III
E. Complex IV
A

C

61
Q

Which of the following electron transport chain components is NOT a protein or protein complex?

A. CoQ
B. Cytochrome c
C. Electron transport complex I
D. Electron transport complex III
E. Electron transport complex IV
A

A

62
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true

Which of the followings is a free radical?

  1. Oxygen (O2)
  2. Superoxide anion (O2*−)
  3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
  4. Hydroxyl radical (OH*)
  5. Hydroxyl ion (OH−)
A

B

63
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true

Which of the followings is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

  1. Oxygen (O2)
  2. Superoxide anion (O2*−)
  3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
  4. Hydroxyl radical (OH*)
  5. Hydroxyl ion (OH−)
A

D

64
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true

Which of the following statements regarding ROS generation during inflammation and phagocytosis responses is True?

  1. It is a natural defense response
  2. It is a physiologic by-product
  3. It can harm surrounding tissues
  4. It is often ineffective against infectious agents
A

A

65
Q

Under which of the following conditions fatty acids are used as a major source of fuel?

  1. Hibernating bear
  2. Sitting in the classroom this moment without eating anything since yesterday afternoon
  3. During the last segment of Marathon running
  4. After having a big breakfast at McDonald’s
For the question above, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true
A

C

66
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE about long-chain fatty acid metabolism?

  1. Chylomicrons transports fatty acids from digested food to adipose tissue
  2. Albumin transports fatty acids released from adipose tissue to liver through blood stream
  3. Fatty acid-binding proteins transport fatty acids across plasma membrane from interstitial space into cytosol
  4. Carnitine transports activated fatty acyl groups across the inner mitochondria membrane
For the question above, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true
A

D

67
Q

Which of the following statements is true about acetyl-CoA production in β−oxidation of long-chain fatty acid?

A. Even-chain fatty acid produces even number of acetyl CoA
B. Odd-chain fatty acid produces odd number of acetyl CoA
C. Even-chain fatty acid produces only acetyl CoA
D. Odd-chain fatty acid produces only propionyl CoA

A

C

68
Q 
For the question below, please use the following keys
A. Answers 1) and 3) are true
B. Answers 2) and 4) are true
C. Answers 1), 2) and 3) are true
D. All answers are true
E. None of the answers is true

Conventionally, one (1) drink refers to

  1. a bottle of beer
  2. a glass of wine
  3. a shot glass of liquor
  4. a pitcher of beer
A

C

69
Q

An allelic variant of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B (designated ADH1B*2), commonly existing among East Asian population, has an increased Vmax toward alcohol. Based on physiology only, which of the following individuals has a less chance to become alcoholic?

A. One with ADH1B
B. One with ADH1B*2

A

B

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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