Section 7 Flashcards
What are some concepts to review from Piaget?
Schemes: actions or mental representations to organize knowledge (behavioral + mental)
Assimilation: using existing schemes to deal with the new info/experiences
Accommodation: adjusting schemes to fit new info/experiences
What is equilibrium to Piaget?
Mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next
What is the sensorimotor stage?
First stage, child begins coordinating motor experiences with sensory ones
(reflective pattterns -> complex)
What are the sensorimotor substages?
- Simple reflexes
- First habits and primary circular reactions
- Secondary circular reactions
- Coordination of secondary circular reactions
- Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
- Internalization of schemes
What is the simple reflexes substage?
First month of birth means of coordinating movement and senses is through reflexes
What is the first habits and primary circular reactions?
From 1-4 months, infants start creating schemes (reflexive smiles also start)
What are secondary circular reactions?
From 4-8 months of age infant is object oriented and starts focusing on the outside world (social smiles - elicited by outward events)
What is the coordination of secondary circular reactions?
From 8-12 months babies become more intentional and better coordinated
What are tertiary circular reactions?
From 12-18 months, infants start really exploring capabilities with objects and what objects can do - curiosity
What is the internalization of schemes?
From 18-24 months, infants start being able to use primitive symbols (internalized sensory images or words that represent events)
What is causality?
An infant’s knowledge of cause and effect
What is object permanence?
Early in the first year, infants understand that things exist outside you even when you can’t see them + can develop separation anxiety
What is the A, not B Error?
Children will look for objects in the last place it was found
What are the terrible two’s (post sensorimotor)?
Toddlers recognize themselves as their own people, they will start defying parents for what they want (good social actors)
Tantrums are sign of self-awareness and confidence
What is childhood amnesia?
Hippocampus isn’t developed enough until around 2 yrs old
What are the cognitive development trends during infancy?
We go from specifics then go broader aka we start with examples, then develop prototypes + they learn to categorize everything
What did Skinner think about language development?
He thought it was learned through conditioning
What did Chomsky say about language development?
He said it is inherit and does not fit behaviorist model
What are Chomsky’s evidence?
One example is that grammar has primacy - they understand rules so they may mess up rule exceptions
What is the hierarchal structure of language?
Phonemes (small sounds), morphemes (short words, prefixes, etc), and syntax (full words and sentences)
How do babies learn phonemes?
They are physically able to discriminate any phoneme from any language until 11 months old, where they start specializing in their primary language
What order does language develop in?
Discrimination of phonemes (until 4 months)
Babbling and gesturing (4-6 months)
First words (12-18 months)
What are the different types of cries?
basic cry , anger cry, and pain cries
What is overextension?
Applying a word to objects that don’t fit the word’s meaning
What is underextension?
Applying a word too narrowly
What is telegraphic speech?
Using short, precise words without grammar markers to communicate
What is the biggest language development period?
At 18 month vocabulary and language centers explode
What is fast mapping?
When kids can learn the connection between a word and its referent quickly
What are environmental influences to learning speech?
Families that talk more and use more vocabulary, describe their own activities, and repeat what a kid says but correctly all help them improve speech
What is the LENA system?
Analyzes audio between adult and child, 2 oz digital store up to 16 hrs digitally recorded audio
What is social referencing?
Looking to another fan for social information to reference a situation
What is joint attention?
Giving attention to what someone else is looking at
What are the foundations of social cognition?
Infants discriminate pos and neg emotions in others (2-4 months)
Take cues from other’s emotional expressions (6-8 months)
Start social referencing when it can be helpful (10 months)
Negative bias begins (1 year)
When can Autism begin?
Onsets within first 3 yrs of life, may show by 18 months
How do kids with ASD respond differently to things?
Different attention to eye-gaze, prefer different faces, refer to different social information, differences in neural activation
What are the primary emotions?
Interest, disgust, and contentment
What are basic emotions?
Anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear
What are self-conscious emotions?
Shame and embarrassment, begin from 18-24 months
How do smiles develop?
Reflex smiles, pleasure smiles, then social smiles
Do babies have innate sympathy?
According to Paul Bloom studies. babies prefer helpful puppets to unhelpful ones, suggesting innate morality
What are Erikson’s relevant identity stages?
Infancy: trust vs. mistrust - need to feel safe
Toddlers: autonomy vs. shame - need to be supported in independence and trying things
How is play important to development?hat are the different types of play?
Unoccupied play - infants
Solitary play - unaware of others
Onlooker play - on-looking others
Parallel play - play next to others
Associative play - exchange toys + talk
Cooperative play - work together to play
