Section 7

Question 1

What are some concepts to review from Piaget?

Answer 1

Schemes: actions or mental representations to organize knowledge (behavioral + mental)
Assimilation: using existing schemes to deal with the new info/experiences
Accommodation: adjusting schemes to fit new info/experiences

Question 2

What is equilibrium to Piaget?

Answer 2

Mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

Question 3

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 3

First stage, child begins coordinating motor experiences with sensory ones
(reflective pattterns -> complex)

Question 4

What are the sensorimotor substages?

Answer 4

• Simple reflexes
• First habits and primary circular reactions
• Secondary circular reactions
• Coordination of secondary circular reactions
• Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
• Internalization of schemes

Question 5

What is the simple reflexes substage?

Answer 5

First month of birth means of coordinating movement and senses is through reflexes

Question 6

What is the first habits and primary circular reactions?

Answer 6

From 1-4 months, infants start creating schemes (reflexive smiles also start)

Question 7

What are secondary circular reactions?

Answer 7

From 4-8 months of age infant is object oriented and starts focusing on the outside world (social smiles - elicited by outward events)

Question 8

What is the coordination of secondary circular reactions?

Answer 8

From 8-12 months babies become more intentional and better coordinated

Question 9

What are tertiary circular reactions?

Answer 9

From 12-18 months, infants start really exploring capabilities with objects and what objects can do - curiosity

Question 10

What is the internalization of schemes?

Answer 10

From 18-24 months, infants start being able to use primitive symbols (internalized sensory images or words that represent events)

Question 11

What is causality?

Answer 11

An infant’s knowledge of cause and effect

Question 12

What is object permanence?

Answer 12

Early in the first year, infants understand that things exist outside you even when you can’t see them + can develop separation anxiety

Question 13

What is the A, not B Error?

Answer 13

Children will look for objects in the last place it was found

Question 14

What are the terrible two’s (post sensorimotor)?

Answer 14

Toddlers recognize themselves as their own people, they will start defying parents for what they want (good social actors)

Tantrums are sign of self-awareness and confidence

Question 15

What is childhood amnesia?

Answer 15

Hippocampus isn’t developed enough until around 2 yrs old

Question 16

What are the cognitive development trends during infancy?

Answer 16

We go from specifics then go broader aka we start with examples, then develop prototypes + they learn to categorize everything

Question 17

What did Skinner think about language development?

Answer 17

He thought it was learned through conditioning

Question 18

What did Chomsky say about language development?

Answer 18

He said it is inherit and does not fit behaviorist model

Question 19

What are Chomsky’s evidence?

Answer 19

One example is that grammar has primacy - they understand rules so they may mess up rule exceptions

Question 20

What is the hierarchal structure of language?

Answer 20

Phonemes (small sounds), morphemes (short words, prefixes, etc), and syntax (full words and sentences)

Question 21

How do babies learn phonemes?

Answer 21

They are physically able to discriminate any phoneme from any language until 11 months old, where they start specializing in their primary language

Question 22

What order does language develop in?

Answer 22

Discrimination of phonemes (until 4 months)
Babbling and gesturing (4-6 months)
First words (12-18 months)

Question 23

What are the different types of cries?

Answer 23

basic cry , anger cry, and pain cries

Question 24

What is overextension?

Answer 24

Applying a word to objects that don’t fit the word’s meaning

Question 25

What is underextension?

Answer 25

Applying a word too narrowly

Question 26

What is telegraphic speech?

Answer 26

Using short, precise words without grammar markers to communicate

Question 27

What is the biggest language development period?

Answer 27

At 18 month vocabulary and language centers explode

Question 28

What is fast mapping?

Answer 28

When kids can learn the connection between a word and its referent quickly

Question 29

What are environmental influences to learning speech?

Answer 29

Families that talk more and use more vocabulary, describe their own activities, and repeat what a kid says but correctly all help them improve speech

Question 30

What is the LENA system?

Answer 30

Analyzes audio between adult and child, 2 oz digital store up to 16 hrs digitally recorded audio

Question 31

What is social referencing?

Answer 31

Looking to another fan for social information to reference a situation

Question 32

What is joint attention?

Answer 32

Giving attention to what someone else is looking at

Question 33

What are the foundations of social cognition?

Answer 33

Infants discriminate pos and neg emotions in others (2-4 months)

Take cues from other’s emotional expressions (6-8 months)

Start social referencing when it can be helpful (10 months)

Negative bias begins (1 year)

Question 34

When can Autism begin?

Answer 34

Onsets within first 3 yrs of life, may show by 18 months

Question 35

How do kids with ASD respond differently to things?

Answer 35

Different attention to eye-gaze, prefer different faces, refer to different social information, differences in neural activation

Question 36

What are the primary emotions?

Answer 36

Interest, disgust, and contentment

Question 37

What are basic emotions?

Answer 37

Anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and fear

Question 38

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 38

Shame and embarrassment, begin from 18-24 months

Question 39

How do smiles develop?

Answer 39

Reflex smiles, pleasure smiles, then social smiles

Question 40

Do babies have innate sympathy?

Answer 40

According to Paul Bloom studies. babies prefer helpful puppets to unhelpful ones, suggesting innate morality

Question 41

What are Erikson’s relevant identity stages?

Answer 41

Infancy: trust vs. mistrust - need to feel safe

Toddlers: autonomy vs. shame - need to be supported in independence and trying things

Question 42

How is play important to development?hat are the different types of play?

Answer 42

Unoccupied play - infants
Solitary play - unaware of others
Onlooker play - on-looking others
Parallel play - play next to others
Associative play - exchange toys + talk
Cooperative play - work together to play