Section 1 Flashcards
What is life-span development?
Focuses on the growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss throughout life (all patterns of change from conception to death)
What are the big 3 ideas used to study human development?
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What are developmental trajectories?
The course of a person’s development
What are developmental cascades?
How development at one point in time may effect future developmental tragectory
What is the integrative approach?
Emphasizes consideration of typical vs atypical development, disorders can be life-long but episodic, encompasses diathesis stress model
What is the transactional process?
The idea that a person and their environment both influence each other
What is the Diathesis Stress model?
Risk for disorder increases through genetics and stress - reaching a certain stress threshold can trigger disorder
What’s an example of physiology, psychology, and environment interacting?
A researcher studying how environment effects the expression of genes in epienetics
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
Emphasizes ecological impact and adds timing of events as factor
What is the order of chronosystems in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
Individual -> Microsystem (family, friends) ->Mesosystem (relations between microsystems) -> exosystem (mass media, extended family), macrosystem (culture, economy) (originated by Brof. influenced by Russia)
What is the bio-psycho-social model?
The holistic idea that biology, psychology, and social systems all effect each other (originated in Rochester, 1977)
What is Pavlov’s classical conditioning?
Behaviors are learned by associating a neutral stimuli with a positive or negative one
What is Skinner’s operant conditioning?
Behaviors change through reinforcement by either adding or subtracting rewards or punishment
What is Bandura’s model of social learning?
People learn by watching others
What is Bandura’s social cognitive model?
What is ethology?
Study of naturalistic animal behavior
What are sensitive/critical periods?
Period early in life that shape the proceeding development of attachment
Konrad Lorenz on imprinting
imprinting occurs within hours of giving birth
Jown Bowly on attachment
Freudian turned ethologist who began attachment theory after observing kids in WWII
Mary Ainsworth on attachment
Worked with Bowlby and developed “strange situation” test
Harry Harlow on attachment
Conducted Harlow monkey experiment to study attachment in primates through cloth and wire monkey mom
What was Piaget’s cognition model?
Theorized the four different stages of schemata (mental models) that change throughout life
What is the sensorimotor period?
Infants act like thought is action, lack self awareness, and lack object permanence
What were the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognition model?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational period
What is the formal operational period?
Can think in abstract, solve problems systematically, and have adult like thinking capabilities
What is the preoperational period?
Young kids exhibit egocentrism, animism (thinking everything is living), and lack of conservation (only perceiving one thing at a time)
What is the concrete operational period?
Can verbalize and preform simple logical tasks, but lack abstract thinking
How is Piaget’s theory considered now?
Underestimated children’s cognitive abilities (like object permanence), had too rigid of stages, and didn’t consider cultural differences
What was Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Idea that interaction between child and social/cultural environment is critical for cognition
What is the zone of proximal development?
The difference of what a child can do alone versus in interaction with others
What is Thelen and Smith’s Dynamic Systems?
Cognition is dynamically dependent on other systems (motor, sensory/perceptual, etc)
What’s an example of dynamic systems?
Reaching for a toy is important for a baby’s memory more than just looking at it, or deafness being linked to cog decline
What was Freud’s structure of personality?
Id (pleasure seeking), ego (social norms and realities), and super ego (moral)
What were Freud’s psychosocial development stages?
Oral (oral based mal-indulgence), anal (uptight vs sloppy), latency, and phallic stages (oedipus complex and jealousy)
What were Kagen’s theories?
Temperament is a person’s most basic style of relating to the world which are especially evident in first year of life
Write Erikson’s theories on hand
