Section 1

Question 1

What is life-span development?

Answer 1

Focuses on the growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss throughout life (all patterns of change from conception to death)

Question 2

What are the big 3 ideas used to study human development?

Answer 2

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Question 3

What are developmental trajectories?

Answer 3

The course of a person’s development

Question 4

What are developmental cascades?

Answer 4

How development at one point in time may effect future developmental tragectory

Question 5

What is the integrative approach?

Answer 5

Emphasizes consideration of typical vs atypical development, disorders can be life-long but episodic, encompasses diathesis stress model

Question 6

What is the transactional process?

Answer 6

The idea that a person and their environment both influence each other

Question 7

What is the Diathesis Stress model?

Answer 7

Risk for disorder increases through genetics and stress - reaching a certain stress threshold can trigger disorder

Question 8

What’s an example of physiology, psychology, and environment interacting?

Answer 8

A researcher studying how environment effects the expression of genes in epienetics

Question 9

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

Answer 9

Emphasizes ecological impact and adds timing of events as factor

Question 10

What is the order of chronosystems in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

Answer 10

Individual -> Microsystem (family, friends) ->Mesosystem (relations between microsystems) -> exosystem (mass media, extended family), macrosystem (culture, economy) (originated by Brof. influenced by Russia)

Question 11

What is the bio-psycho-social model?

Answer 11

The holistic idea that biology, psychology, and social systems all effect each other (originated in Rochester, 1977)

Question 12

What is Pavlov’s classical conditioning?

Answer 12

Behaviors are learned by associating a neutral stimuli with a positive or negative one

Question 13

What is Skinner’s operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Behaviors change through reinforcement by either adding or subtracting rewards or punishment

Question 14

What is Bandura’s model of social learning?

Answer 14

People learn by watching others

Question 15

What is Bandura’s social cognitive model?

Question 16

What is ethology?

Answer 16

Study of naturalistic animal behavior

Question 17

What are sensitive/critical periods?

Answer 17

Period early in life that shape the proceeding development of attachment

Question 18

Konrad Lorenz on imprinting

Answer 18

imprinting occurs within hours of giving birth

Question 19

Jown Bowly on attachment

Answer 19

Freudian turned ethologist who began attachment theory after observing kids in WWII

Question 20

Mary Ainsworth on attachment

Answer 20

Worked with Bowlby and developed “strange situation” test

Question 21

Harry Harlow on attachment

Answer 21

Conducted Harlow monkey experiment to study attachment in primates through cloth and wire monkey mom

Question 22

What was Piaget’s cognition model?

Answer 22

Theorized the four different stages of schemata (mental models) that change throughout life

Question 23

What is the sensorimotor period?

Answer 23

Infants act like thought is action, lack self awareness, and lack object permanence

Question 24

What were the 4 stages of Piaget’s cognition model?

Answer 24

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational period

Question 25

What is the formal operational period?

Answer 25

Can think in abstract, solve problems systematically, and have adult like thinking capabilities

Question 25

What is the preoperational period?

Answer 25

Young kids exhibit egocentrism, animism (thinking everything is living), and lack of conservation (only perceiving one thing at a time)

Question 25

What is the concrete operational period?

Answer 25

Can verbalize and preform simple logical tasks, but lack abstract thinking

Question 26

How is Piaget's theory considered now?

Answer 26

Underestimated children's cognitive abilities (like object permanence), had too rigid of stages, and didn't consider cultural differences

Question 27

What was Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 27

Idea that interaction between child and social/cultural environment is critical for cognition

Question 28

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 28

The difference of what a child can do alone versus in interaction with others

Question 29

What is Thelen and Smith's Dynamic Systems?

Answer 29

Cognition is dynamically dependent on other systems (motor, sensory/perceptual, etc)

Question 30

What's an example of dynamic systems?

Answer 30

Reaching for a toy is important for a baby's memory more than just looking at it, or deafness being linked to cog decline

Question 31

What was Freud's structure of personality?

Answer 31

Id (pleasure seeking), ego (social norms and realities), and super ego (moral)

Question 32

What were Freud's psychosocial development stages?

Answer 32

Oral (oral based mal-indulgence), anal (uptight vs sloppy), latency, and phallic stages (oedipus complex and jealousy)

Question 33

What were Kagen's theories?

Answer 33

Temperament is a person's most basic style of relating to the world which are especially evident in first year of life

Question 34

Write Erikson's theories on hand