Infancy: Section 6 Flashcards
What is the moro reflex?
Starfishing as result of being startled
What is the Darwinian reflex?
Making a strong fist as a result of stroking palm
What is the tonic neck reflex?
Extending one side of the body and constricting another when laid on back
What is the Babinski reflex?
Foot fanks and twists when stroked
What is the rooting reflex?
The baby turns its head and suckles when head is stroked
What is the walking reflex?
Making walking motions as a result of being held right above the ground
What is the swimming reflex?
Making swimming motions when faced down in water
What happens when an infant receives analgesics?
Improves immunization responses and lowers distress with certain procedures
What are a baby’s auditory preferences?
Mom’s voice, high-pitched talk, music and stories from utero
What are a baby’s visual preferences?
They innately prefer faces despite blurry vision
When do babies develop depth perception and color target vision?
2 months
What is perceptual motor coupling?
The integration of movement and hearing/seeing (ex. rattle shakes which creates sound)
Why is perceptual motor coupling important?
Integrates different systems and is a natural result of interacting with the world properly
Does cephalo-caudal continue in infancy?
Yes, brain connection develops before other cells and grasping is obtained before walking
Does proximo-distal (center-outward) continue in infancy?
Yes, babies look and roll over to the side often
What is motor development like before 2 yrs old?
Myelination of neurons still developing - functionally, babies develop inside-out, up -down
What is brain development like in small infants?
Brain weight quadruples and reaches 75% of total development by 2
Glial cells are responsible for use-it-or-lose-it and fire-together-wire-together functions
What are sleep patterns in infants?
Sleep 18 hours a day and 50% of that is REM sleep
What are risk factors for SIDS?
-abnormal serotonin functioning (breathing regulation)
-sleep apnea
-low birth weight
-not using a pacifier to sleep (soothes)
-siblings dying of SIDS
-low SES
-Cigarette smoke exposure
-Co-sleeping
-Soft bedding
What are important food habits for infants?
Need to begin with drinking, then semisolid, then complex food and need to have food introduced one at a time (new food introduced early, ideally)
Why is breast milk best for babies?
It lowers risk for gut infections, espritory track infections, wheezing, diabetes, weight management, and SIDS
What is temperament?
Baby’s physiological reactivity - both genetic and biological, and affected by env
What are temperament types?
Kagen: introvert vs extravert
Chess and Thomas: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up
What factors are important for temperament?
Self regulation (v important for later mental wellness)
Behavioral inhibition
What are the attachment types?
Secure: upset when cg leaves and happy when they come back
Resistant: Upset when caregiver leaves and upset when they are back
Avoidant: don’t react to leaving or coming back
Disorganized: inconsistent
What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?
Emotional withdrawal, fearful of nonthreatening interactions, unresponsiveness, emotional disturbance
What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
Excessive social interaction with unknown people, readiness to hug or leave with strangers, and ask strangers for comfort and food
What is neurogenesis?
Process of creating new braincells, can be effected by poor/stressful env
What is the nature of adversity in childhood?
Risk factors accumulate (many go hand in hand) and drastic increase of developmental and emotional delays/disabilities at 6+ mark (struggles snowball in many ways-negative cycles)
How to ACEs (Adverse childhood experiences) impact neurological development?
Attachment disruptions affect physiology, like in Motif and Caspi (Gene XE combined w abuse = intellectual disability, but only w abuse present)
What is the allostatic load?
(Bruce McEven) Cycle of stress and disturbance
How do ACES affect development?
Trauma exposed kids have different dev trajectory - kids developmentally regress during times of stress
How did Kaiser find links between emotional and physical health?
Unintentionally found correlations between health risks and trauma overtime as a main healthcare provider in San DIego
Who is most affected by ACES?
Kids 0-3 experience the most maltreatment, the earlier the issues begin the worse the outcomes
How does stress affect us?
Sympathetic nervous system releases cortisol and puts us in fight or flight
What are the effects of cortisol?
Increases sugar in the bloodstream and brain, depresses immune system, atrophies dendrites overtime
Why is holding objects important for babies?
Gives them multiple views of it to recognize them better
Why is it better for baby to hold object than mom?
Babies can isolate the object in their heads when they alone hold it, optimal for name learning
