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reproductive pathophysiology > Section 6: Camelid > Flashcards

Section 6: Camelid Flashcards

1
Q

describe the camelids uterus

A

bincornuate
left uterine horn slightly longer than the right

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2
Q

how does the uterus appear in the llama in nonpregnancy?

A

body is short, not clearly differentiated from base of either horn on ultrasonography

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3
Q

on ultrasound examination, what is the camelid ovary similar to?

A

ovary of the cow

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4
Q

what is the size of the camelid ovary?

A

25mm by 12mm by 10mm

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5
Q

how large are ovulatory-sized follicles in llamas?

A

10mm

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6
Q

what is the camelid cervix like?

A

two or three irregular annular or spiral folds
20-50mm long
external os protrudes into vagina

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7
Q

when is the onset of puberty in the female camelid?

A

5 months to 2-3 years

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8
Q

from what age does ovarian activity occur in the female camelid?

A

from around 10 months

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9
Q

what type of breeders are camelids?

A

nonseasonal, some seasonality seen in wild types
induced/reflex ovulation

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10
Q

what type of ovulators are camelids generally?

A

mono-ovulatory

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11
Q

when does ovulation occur in the camelid?

A

24-30 hours post-copulation

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12
Q

can spontaneous ovulations occur in camelids?

A

sometimes

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13
Q

what induces ovulation in the camelid?

A

copulation: friction of the hooked glans penis, resulting in inflammatory reaction
release of LH
ovulation-inducing factor in semen
orgling noise

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14
Q

what is the ovulation-inducing factor in camelid semen?

A

GnRH like substance absorbed from uterus

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15
Q

when does the progesterone rise occur?

A

day 3-10

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16
Q

when does luteolysis occur after a non-fertile mating?

A

begins 9 days after
corpus luteum regresses at day 10

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17
Q

can the left horn or right horn affect both ovaries due to the vascular difference?

A

left horn

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18
Q

what does receptivity to breeding depend on?

A

low progesterone
estrogen in the absence of progesterone

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19
Q

do camelids have estrous cycles?

A

no- induced

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20
Q

what is the inter-wave interval of follicular growth?

A

12 days

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21
Q

what are the stages of follicular growth?

A

small
growing
mature
regressing

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22
Q

what is the minimum ovulatory size?

A

7mm

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23
Q

how long do luteinized follicles last?

A

5 days
delays onset of new dominant follicle for 5-7 days

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24
Q

will a single examination reveal if a follicle is growing, mature, or regressing?

A

no

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25
Q

what will camelids do if they are not receptive?

A

spit off

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26
Q

where is the scrotum in the male camelid?

A

level of ischial arch

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27
Q

how large are the testes of the camelid?

A

small

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28
Q

where does the prepuce point in camelids?

A

caudally

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29
Q

what accessory sex glands do male camelids have?

A

ampulla
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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30
Q

what type of penis do male camelids have?

A

fibroelastic
cartilaginous tip

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31
Q

where is the stream of urine directed in male camelids?

A

back between the legs

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32
Q

when may fertile spermatozoa be produced?

A

10-12 months

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33
Q

when does the penile-preputial attachment detach?

A

8% by 1 year
70% by 2 years
all by 3 years

34
Q

what are the options for semen collection of the male camelid?

A

electroejaculation
specialized artificial vagina using a dummy
aspirate or scoop vagina of female after copulation

35
Q

where does the male camelid ejaculate the semen?

A

directly into uterus
penis gradually traverses cervix and enters uterine body/horns

36
Q

what is the total breeding time of camelids?

A

10-50 minutes

37
Q

what is the volume of the camelid semen?

A

2-10 mls

38
Q

what are some reproductive problems in male camelids?

A

testicular hypoplasia
cryptorchidism
hydrocoele
testicular degeneration
orchitis
neoplasia

39
Q

how often do you tease/breed when doing hand/appointment breeding with camelids?

A

once every 7 days until “spit off”
start teasing 14 days post-breeding

40
Q

when does the embryo enter the uterus?

A

day 5-6

41
Q

what happens at day 12-14?

A

apposition and attachment

42
Q

what is the gestation length of camelids?

A

335-365 days
11.5 months

43
Q

where are 95-98% of camelid pregnancies established?

A

left horn

44
Q

what maintains pregnancy in the camelid?

A

corpus luteum

45
Q

how common are twins in camelids?

A

rare

46
Q

how common are dystocias in camelids?

A

rare

47
Q

what is unique about the camelid chorioallantois?

A

amnion lies adjacent to chorion, like cow
water will not break first (allantoic fluid)

48
Q

what are the signs of parturition in camelids?

A

minimal:
little change in udder
slight vulvar relaxation
waxing of teats
changes in milk calcium

49
Q

when does parturition occur in camelids?

A

between sunrise and midday

50
Q

what is the length of stage one of parturition in camelids?

A

less than 6 hours

51
Q

when is treatment required for retained fetal membranes?

A

more than 24 hours after fetus expelled

52
Q

when is involution of the uterus complete by?

A

3 weeks

53
Q

when can camelids be bred back?

A

14-21 days postpartum

54
Q

how long are lochia (fetal fluids and placental remains) expelled?

A

7-10 days

55
Q

what progesterone levels in blood or milk indicate pregnancy?

A

> 6nmol/L

56
Q

what is the most common/reliable way to diagnose pregnancy?

A

ultrasound

57
Q

when can pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound in the camelid?

A

day 12-14

58
Q

when is the degree of curl of the uterine horns maximal and minimal?

A

luteal: maximal
follicular: minimal

59
Q

how large is the mature corpus luteum in the camelid?

A

13mm

60
Q

where can ovulation take place on the camelid ovary?

A

anywhere on surface

61
Q

are follicles and the corpus luteum palpable in camelids?

A

yes: protrude distinctly from surface

62
Q

from what age does sexual receptivity occur in camelids?

A

from around 12 months

63
Q

what is puberty in female camelids dependent on?

A

attaining 2/3 of adult body weight

64
Q

are camelids multi-ovulatory or mono-ovulatory?

A

generally mono-ovulatory

65
Q

when does progesterone rise after copulation?

A

day 3-10

66
Q

what does it mean that the camelid has differential luteolysis?

A

right horn only affects right ovary
left horn can affect both ovaries due to vascular difference

67
Q

luteinizing hormone response to copulation depends on ___________________________

A

follicle size/growth stage

68
Q

how long do luteinized follicles last (regressing follicles luteinize instead of ovulating)?

A

5 days: delays onset of new dominant follicle for 5-7 days

69
Q

what is a negative to aspirating or scooping a vagina for semen?

A

usually poorer quality

70
Q

what are the negatives of using electroejaculation for semen collection?

A

variable quality
variable concentration
requires sedation

71
Q

what percentage of camelid semen is normal morphology?

A

> 70%

72
Q

what is the viscosity of camelid semen and why does this matter?

A

highly viscous
leads to slow progressive motility

73
Q

what does the penis do during copulation?

A

gradually traverses the cervix and enters uterine body/horns

74
Q

is camelid pregnancy dependent on the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy?

A

yes

75
Q

when does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the camelid?

A

day 10 or before

76
Q

what type of placenta do camelids have?

A

diffuse/microcotyledonary epitheliochorial

77
Q

what are some signs of stage one of parturition?

A

humming
restless
urination
off feed

78
Q

how long does stage two of labor last?

A

60-90 minutes

79
Q

how long does stage three of parturition last?

A

45 minutes to 3 hours

80
Q

how can pregnancy be diagnosed in camelids other than ultrasound?

A

no return to receptivity
progesterone levels
oesterone sulfate
relaxin

reproductive pathophysiology (12 decks)

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