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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 6: Camelid > Flashcards

Section 6: Camelid Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the camelids uterus

A

bincornuate
left uterine horn slightly longer than the right

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2
Q

how does the uterus appear in the llama in nonpregnancy?

A

body is short, not clearly differentiated from base of either horn on ultrasonography

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3
Q

on ultrasound examination, what is the camelid ovary similar to?

A

ovary of the cow

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4
Q

what is the size of the camelid ovary?

A

25mm by 12mm by 10mm

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5
Q

how large are ovulatory-sized follicles in llamas?

A

10mm

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6
Q

what is the camelid cervix like?

A

two or three irregular annular or spiral folds
20-50mm long
external os protrudes into vagina

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7
Q

when is the onset of puberty in the female camelid?

A

5 months to 2-3 years

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8
Q

from what age does ovarian activity occur in the female camelid?

A

from around 10 months

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9
Q

what type of breeders are camelids?

A

nonseasonal, some seasonality seen in wild types
induced/reflex ovulation

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10
Q

what type of ovulators are camelids generally?

A

mono-ovulatory

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11
Q

when does ovulation occur in the camelid?

A

24-30 hours post-copulation

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12
Q

can spontaneous ovulations occur in camelids?

A

sometimes

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13
Q

what induces ovulation in the camelid?

A

copulation: friction of the hooked glans penis, resulting in inflammatory reaction
release of LH
ovulation-inducing factor in semen
orgling noise

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14
Q

what is the ovulation-inducing factor in camelid semen?

A

GnRH like substance absorbed from uterus

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15
Q

when does the progesterone rise occur?

A

day 3-10

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16
Q

when does luteolysis occur after a non-fertile mating?

A

begins 9 days after
corpus luteum regresses at day 10

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17
Q

can the left horn or right horn affect both ovaries due to the vascular difference?

A

left horn

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18
Q

what does receptivity to breeding depend on?

A

low progesterone
estrogen in the absence of progesterone

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19
Q

do camelids have estrous cycles?

A

no- induced

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20
Q

what is the inter-wave interval of follicular growth?

A

12 days

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21
Q

what are the stages of follicular growth?

A

small
growing
mature
regressing

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22
Q

what is the minimum ovulatory size?

A

7mm

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23
Q

how long do luteinized follicles last?

A

5 days
delays onset of new dominant follicle for 5-7 days

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24
Q

will a single examination reveal if a follicle is growing, mature, or regressing?

A

no

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25
what will camelids do if they are not receptive?
spit off
26
where is the scrotum in the male camelid?
level of ischial arch
27
how large are the testes of the camelid?
small
28
where does the prepuce point in camelids?
caudally
29
what accessory sex glands do male camelids have?
ampulla prostate bulbourethral gland
30
what type of penis do male camelids have?
fibroelastic cartilaginous tip
31
where is the stream of urine directed in male camelids?
back between the legs
32
when may fertile spermatozoa be produced?
10-12 months
33
when does the penile-preputial attachment detach?
8% by 1 year 70% by 2 years all by 3 years
34
what are the options for semen collection of the male camelid?
electroejaculation specialized artificial vagina using a dummy aspirate or scoop vagina of female after copulation
35
where does the male camelid ejaculate the semen?
directly into uterus penis gradually traverses cervix and enters uterine body/horns
36
what is the total breeding time of camelids?
10-50 minutes
37
what is the volume of the camelid semen?
2-10 mls
38
what are some reproductive problems in male camelids?
testicular hypoplasia cryptorchidism hydrocoele testicular degeneration orchitis neoplasia
39
how often do you tease/breed when doing hand/appointment breeding with camelids?
once every 7 days until "spit off" start teasing 14 days post-breeding
40
when does the embryo enter the uterus?
day 5-6
41
what happens at day 12-14?
apposition and attachment
42
what is the gestation length of camelids?
335-365 days 11.5 months
43
where are 95-98% of camelid pregnancies established?
left horn
44
what maintains pregnancy in the camelid?
corpus luteum
45
how common are twins in camelids?
rare
46
how common are dystocias in camelids?
rare
47
what is unique about the camelid chorioallantois?
amnion lies adjacent to chorion, like cow water will not break first (allantoic fluid)
48
what are the signs of parturition in camelids?
minimal: little change in udder slight vulvar relaxation waxing of teats changes in milk calcium
49
when does parturition occur in camelids?
between sunrise and midday
50
what is the length of stage one of parturition in camelids?
less than 6 hours
51
when is treatment required for retained fetal membranes?
more than 24 hours after fetus expelled
52
when is involution of the uterus complete by?
3 weeks
53
when can camelids be bred back?
14-21 days postpartum
54
how long are lochia (fetal fluids and placental remains) expelled?
7-10 days
55
what progesterone levels in blood or milk indicate pregnancy?
>6nmol/L
56
what is the most common/reliable way to diagnose pregnancy?
ultrasound
57
when can pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound in the camelid?
day 12-14
58
when is the degree of curl of the uterine horns maximal and minimal?
luteal: maximal follicular: minimal
59
how large is the mature corpus luteum in the camelid?
13mm
60
where can ovulation take place on the camelid ovary?
anywhere on surface
61
are follicles and the corpus luteum palpable in camelids?
yes: protrude distinctly from surface
62
from what age does sexual receptivity occur in camelids?
from around 12 months
63
what is puberty in female camelids dependent on?
attaining 2/3 of adult body weight
64
are camelids multi-ovulatory or mono-ovulatory?
generally mono-ovulatory
65
when does progesterone rise after copulation?
day 3-10
66
what does it mean that the camelid has differential luteolysis?
right horn only affects right ovary left horn can affect both ovaries due to vascular difference
67
luteinizing hormone response to copulation depends on ___________________________
follicle size/growth stage
68
how long do luteinized follicles last (regressing follicles luteinize instead of ovulating)?
5 days: delays onset of new dominant follicle for 5-7 days
69
what is a negative to aspirating or scooping a vagina for semen?
usually poorer quality
70
what are the negatives of using electroejaculation for semen collection?
variable quality variable concentration requires sedation
71
what percentage of camelid semen is normal morphology?
>70%
72
what is the viscosity of camelid semen and why does this matter?
highly viscous leads to slow progressive motility
73
what does the penis do during copulation?
gradually traverses the cervix and enters uterine body/horns
74
is camelid pregnancy dependent on the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy?
yes
75
when does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the camelid?
day 10 or before
76
what type of placenta do camelids have?
diffuse/microcotyledonary epitheliochorial
77
what are some signs of stage one of parturition?
humming restless urination off feed
78
how long does stage two of labor last?
60-90 minutes
79
how long does stage three of parturition last?
45 minutes to 3 hours
80
how can pregnancy be diagnosed in camelids other than ultrasound?
no return to receptivity progesterone levels oesterone sulfate relaxin

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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