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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 2: Bovine > Flashcards

Section 2: Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

describe the bovine uterus

A

binornual with a short body

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2
Q

how many caruncles does the normal bovine uterus have?

A

70-120

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3
Q

how does the uterine tone change in estrus and diestrus?

A

estrus: turgid
diestrus: more flaccid

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4
Q

do cows have a suburethral diverticulum?

A

yes

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5
Q

how many annular rings does the bovine cervix have?

A

4-5

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6
Q

does the bovine cervix tone change appreciably during the estrous cycle?

A

no
more open during estrus

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7
Q

what does the vagina of the bovine extend between?

A

from fornix with external os of cervix to vestibule with urethral orifice and suburethral diverticulum

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8
Q

in the bovine uterus, the ____________________ is caudal to the external bifurcation

A

internal bifurcation

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9
Q

what is the size of bovine ovaries?

A

1cm in quiescent
5 to 6cm in cows with cysts or large corpus luteum

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10
Q

what are the four palpable characteristics of the corpus luteum?

A

size
irregular shape
waist
crown

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11
Q

what is puberty defined as in heifers?

A

first behavioral estrus accompanied by spontaneous ovulation and a normal luteal phase

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12
Q

when do dairy heifers usually reach puberty?

A

10-12 months

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13
Q

what estrous cycle do cattle have?

A

non-seasonally polyestrous

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14
Q

what is the normal estrous cycle length in cattle?

A

18-24 days
average 21 days

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15
Q

what are the four stages of the estrous cycle?

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus

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16
Q

in which stage of estrous will a cow stand to be ridden?

A

estrus

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17
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

10-15 hours after the end of estrus

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18
Q

what is the metestral “bleed off”?

A

second or third day post-estrus petechial hemorrhage in endometrium

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19
Q

when do follicular waves occur?

A

2-3 per estrous cycle
heifers more apt to have 3
continue during pregnancy

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20
Q

what type of placenta do ruminants have?

A

synepitheliochorial placenta

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21
Q

what produces progesterone throughout pregnancy?

A

corpus luteum
placenta can maintain pregnancy 150-250 days gestation

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22
Q

at what point can the placenta maintain pregnancy in ovariectomized cows?

A

150-250 days gestation

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23
Q

when does the fertilized egg or zygote enter the uterus?

A

3 to 3.5 days after ovulation

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24
Q

what is the average gestation length in cows?

A

280 days

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25
when does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in cattle?
16-17 days
26
what is parturition induced by?
signaling from maturing fetal hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis
27
what is a major sign of impending parturition in cows?
relaxation of the pelvic ligaments
28
what is stage I of labor?
dilation of cervix
29
how long does stage I of labor take?
2-6 hours may approach 24 hours in primigravid heifer
30
what is stage II of labor?
fetal expulsion
31
how long does stage II of labor take?
2-4 hours heifers can go longer
32
how long is the pituitary insensitive to gonadotropin releasing hormone postpartum?
8-10 days
33
when will uterine involution be histologically complete?
about 45 days postpartum
34
what is uterine involution indicative of?
female's ability to become gravid
35
what type of penis do bulls have?
fibroelastic penis has sigmoid flexure
36
what accessory sex glands do bulls have?
seminal vesicles prostate bulbourethral glands ampulla
37
when are bulls usually sexually mature?
9-10 months
38
what is the definition of puberty in bulls?
can intromit and produce an ejaculate containing 50 million spermatozoa with at least 10% progressive motility
39
what is the volume of average ejaculate of a bull?
5-8 ml
40
how many spermatozoa are in an average bull's ejaculate?
5-15 billion spermatozoa
41
what is indicative of a yearling bull's sperm output and to some extent its fertility?
scrotal circumference measurements
42
bulls are attracted to cows displaying ______________________________________________
estral homosexual mounting behavior
43
what is the breeding weight of holsteins?
750-850 lb at 49-51 inches at the withers
44
when do most dairies target breeding?
14-15 months
45
what is the goal of breeding heifers at 14-15 months on dairies?
to have a holstein heifer calve at 1250-1300 lb at 24 months
46
what are breeding recommendations based on?
weight and height at withers (body frame)
47
what are the two categories for estrous detection?
observation heat detection aids
48
what is the primary sign of estrus?
cow standing to be mounted by other cows
49
are secondary signs of estrus more or less reliable than primary signs?
less reliable
50
what is the optimum time period to inseminate cows?
mid-estrus to 6 hours post estrus
51
what is the process of daughter proven sire for choosing bulls?
a bull sires 40 daughters milk production records of daughters compared, only those that were good enough kept as AI studs takes 4-5 years
52
what is used now to select young bulls?
genomic proven sire young bulls genotypes through DNA analysis
53
what is semen from AI bulls evaluated for?
morphology motility concentration volume
54
what is the goal of cow/calf operators?
45-60-day calving season
55
when bulls are put into herds, how many cows per bull are there?
25-40 cows per bull
56
what are some factors that affect cows' fertility?
nutrition lactational anestrus infectious disease
57
why do beef cows experience lactational anestrus?
suckling inhibition of luteinizing hormone
58
what are the ovarian structures?
stroma follicles corpus hemorrhagicum corpus luteum corpora albicantia
59
what is the first behavioral estrus at puberty preceded by?
increase in the frequency of luteinizing hormone pulses leading to ovulation with resulting short lived rises in progesterone
60
if there is a corpus luteum present and progesterone levels are high, what happens to the dominant follicle?
undergoes atresia
61
what does prolonged exposure to progesterone in the luteal phase result in?
down regulation of endometrial progesterone receptors and increases in endometrial estrogen receptors
62
in what stage does estrogen climb to the peak?
proestrus
63
what are hormones doing in metestrus?
estrogen drops progesterone rises
64
what are hormones doing in diestrus?
progesterone high estrogen has slight rise with follicular waves
65
what are hormones doing in estrus?
estrogen declining luteinizing hormone peak
66
when does placental attachment occur?
begins 30 days after ovulation complete by 45 days
67
what are the connective tissue changes leading up to parturition thought to be due to?
relaxin from bovine corpus luteum
68
is dystocia more prevalent in dairy or beef cattle?
dairy cattle
69
what is the rate of dystocia in heifers?
30-60%
70
why do beef cattle have lactational anaestrus?
suckle stimulus
71
what has a significant impact on resumption of postpartum cyclicity?
energy balance
72
how long does it take a bull to ejaculate?
1.3 seconds
73
how many days is most profitable to have a cow milking and not?
305-335 days milking 40-60 days not
74
what is the optimum calving interval?
12-13 months depending on milk production
75
why does the voluntary waiting period exist?
uterine involution takes 30-45 days breeding at estrus prior to uterine involution results in very poor conception/pregnancy rates
76
what are some heat detection aids?
pressure mount devices paint sticks activity monitors video camera
77
how long does fertile semen live after being thawed?
24 hours
78
what is added to semen before it is frozen?
extender: egg yolk, milk, or soy based glycerol: protects sperm against freezing damage
79
when can a cow be diagnosed with pregnancy?
day 28: transrectal ultrasound day 30: palpation day 35: chorioallantoic membrane can be palpated
80
what does the dominant follicle's increasing estrogen trigger if there is no corpus luteum present?
luteinizing hormone surge ovulation
81
for what portion of pregnancy does the corpus luteum produce progesterone?
whole time placenta can maintain 150-250 days
82
what is the prevalence of dystocia in mature cows?
2-8%
83
when can the first ovulation occur after parturition?
20 days postpartum
84
when does the first ovulation after parturition usually occur in beef cattle?
60 days postpartum
85
why do beef farmers wait to rebreed their nursing cows until their calves are less dependent on nursing (2-3months)?
lactational anestrus due to suckling inhibition of luteinizing hormone

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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