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Reproductive Pathophysiology Male Flashcards

1
Q

how common is anorchia?

A

extremely rare

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2
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

inadequate development of testes

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3
Q

what type of gene is gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

autosomal recessive

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4
Q

what happens with the accessory sex organs in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

develop normally

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5
Q

what is dysgenesis?

A

defective or abnormal development

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6
Q

what might testicular dysgenesis be due to?

A

environmental influences

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7
Q

what are spermatoceles like?

A

blind-ended efferent ducts/tubules or rete testis

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8
Q

what can happen if spermatoceles rupture?

A

form granuloma
can induce anti-sperm antibodies

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9
Q

what can you see in small ruminants with spermatoceles?

A

sperm granuloma

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10
Q

what are the common positions of cryptorchidism?

A

sublumbar region
inguinal canal

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11
Q

what are some causes of cryptorchidism?

A

shortened spermatic vessels, ductus deferens, or cremaster
small/underdeveloped inguinal rings
scrotal malformations
inadequate testosterone

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12
Q

why can inadequate testosterone lead to cryptorchidism?

A

persistent cranial gonadal ligament

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13
Q

is cryptorchidism hereditary?

A

yes: do not breed

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14
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

testes retained along path of normal descent

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15
Q

what are the microscopic qualities in retained testes?

A

no or very few sperm
fewer sertoli cells
leydig cells can be slightly reduced or even increased

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16
Q

why do cryptorchid animals exhibit secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior?

A

leydig cells only slightly reduced or increased: is production of testosterone

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17
Q

what are cryptorchid testes prone to?

A

develop neoplasia

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18
Q

what are the germ cells like in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

no germ cells in testes
germ cell migration problem

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19
Q

what can cause acquired testicular atrophy/degeneration?

A

radiation
fever/high environmental temperatures
infection: brucella
neoplasms
vascular occlusions
old age

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20
Q

what cells are the most vulnerable to damage in the testes?

A

germ cells

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21
Q

what cells are least vulnerable to damage in the testes?

A

leydig cells

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22
Q

what cells may be damaged before the leydig cells are?

A

germ cells
sertoli cells

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23
Q

what can radiation do to the the testicular cells?

A

can kill all germ cells but leave leydig and sertoli cells

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24
Q

why is it important that leydig cells are the last ones damaged?

A

testosterone id produced even if animal is sterile

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25
what can be seen in testicular torsion?
congested blood vessels in afflicted spermatic cord
26
what can testicular degeneration be a healing response to?
inflammatory process
27
what can testicular abscesses in sheep be related to?
shearing lesions
28
_____________ is a major reproductive pathogen in ruminants outside of the US
Brucella
29
why is Brucella in wildlife important?
transmission to livestock transmission to humans
30
what does Brucella canis cause in male dogs?
epididymitis scrotal dermatitis
31
where can Brucella canis be sequestered?
prostate of neutered dogs
32
how can Brucella canis be transmitted to humans?
contact with aborting bitch semen or urine from an infected male dog
33
what is hematocele?
rupture of pampiniform plexus vessels
34
what are varicoceles due to?
varicose enlargement of the veins in the pampiniform plexus
35
what can more bipartition in the scrotum lead to?
cooler scrotal temperatures
36
what can equine viral arteritis cause in males?
fever scrotal edema
37
what can equine viral arteritis cause in mares?
abortions
38
what are the four types of testicular tumors?
sertoli cell leydig cell seminoma teratoma (rare)
39
in whom are testicular tumors most common in?
older dogs also older stallions and bulls
40
what types of testicular tumors are cryptorchid testes predisposed to?
sertoli cell tumors and seminomas
41
what is the most common tumor of the testes in the dog and bull?
leydig cell tumor
42
what do leydig cell tumors look like?
orange/yellow and solid discrete, round/ovoid, encapsulated, bilateral often
43
are leydig cell tumors seen in stallions?
occasionally
44
do leydig cell tumors secrete hormones?
no
45
who primarily gets sertoli cell tumors?
dogs
46
what happens to the contralateral testis in sertoli cell tumors?
atrophy of contralateral testis
47
are sertoli cell tumors functional?
yes: secrete estrogen
48
what enlarges with sertoli cell tumors?
prostate gland
49
what do seminomas look like?
soft, white, bulging can be lobular solitary and unilateral
50
who primarily gets seminomas?
dog
51
what do seminoma cells look like?
spermatogonia or round spermatocytes
52
who gets teratomas?
young horses cryptorchid testes usually
53
what can teratomas contain?
hair bone nervous system tissues
54
what are the accessory sex glands?
prostate bulbourethral glands vesicular glands (seminal vesicles) ampullae (species vary)
55
what accessory sex glands do dogs have?
prostate only
56
what accessory sex glands do cats have?
prostate bulbourethral gland
57
what do the accessory sex glands do?
add fluid to semen support motility and metabolic activity
58
how can you diagnose infection of the vesicular glands?
neutrophils in ejaculate
59
who can get infection of the vesicular glands?
bulls and stallions
60
what can infect the vesicular glands of bulls and stallions?
Corynebacterium pyogenes most common Truperella pyogenes other name
61
in whom are diseases of the prostate gland most common?
dog older and intact
62
what are some diseases of the prostate gland?
benign prostatic hyperplasia acute and chronic prostitis squamous metaplasia adenocarcinoma prostatic cysts prostatic abscesses
63
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia related to?
increases in 5alpha DHT with low estrogen
64
why can benign prostatic hyperplasia be an issue?
compress colon if large: problems defecating secondary infection
65
in whom is prostitis clinically significant?
dog only
66
how can you tell prostitis is acute?
systemic signs painful gland inflammatory cells, blood in urine, semen
67
what can untreated acute prostitis lead to?
metastatic sepsis septicemia peritonitis death
68
how can you tell prostitis is chronic?
sporadic symptoms incontinence and dysuria no painful during palpation
69
is chronic prostitis painful on palpation?
no
70
what leads to squamous metaplasia of the prostate?
hyperestrogenism
71
how common is adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
rare, seen in dogs older dogs
72
why is castration not protective of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
androgen independent
73
what are the symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
straining to defecate and urinate lameness debilitated
74
what can prostatic cysts be part of?
prostatic enlargement
75
what can prostatic cysts be associated with?
hyperestrogenism
76
what can prostatic abscesses be associated with?
benign hyperplasia or prostitis
77
what can prostatic abscesses do?
rupture and cause peritonitis
78
is diphallus congenital?
yes
79
in whom is it normal to have a diphallus?
opossum
80
what are penile deviations in bulls due to?
problem with apical ligament of penis
81
what is paraphymosis?
inability to withdraw penis into prepuce
82
what can cause paraphymosis?
paralysis: large animal rabies, drugs (acepromazine) trauma hair rings in dogs
83
in whom are hair rings around the penis seen?
dogs chinchillas
84
what is phimosis?
inability to extend penis out of prepuce
85
what can cause phimosis?
persistent frenulum trauma obstruction adhesions of penis prepuce
86
what is penile hematoma due to in bulls?
rupture of tunica albuginea of penis: during mating
87
where are penile hematomas in bulls?
distal sigmoid flexure: attachment of retractor penis muscle
88
what is balanoposthitis?
inflammation of glans penis and prepuce
89
what pathogens can cause balanopothitis?
bovine herpes canine herpes tritrichomonas
90
what does parapox virus cause in small ruminants?
ulcerative dermatosis: lip and leg balanoposthitis additional lesions upper lip, face, feet
91
in whom are fibropapillomas common?
young bulls
92
in whom are squamous cell carcinomas on penises seen in?
older horses occasionally dogs
93
in whom are preputial melanomas in horses seen?
gray horses with dark skin genetic
94
what does it mean that transmissible venereal tumors are "alien"?
59 chromosomes dogs normally have 78
95
of the developing germ cells, _______________ are more resistant that other phases of developing sperm
spermatogonia
96
what are some signs of sertoli cell tumor associated with it secreting estrogen?
alopecia gynecomastia loss of libido attract male dogs
97
how can you access the vesicular glands in a stallion?
endoscope
98
when is benign prostatic hyperplasia reduced?
if castrated less than a year
99
where can adenocarcinoma of the prostate metastasize to?
bone bladder lymph nodes lungs
100
what are some clinical findings with adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
enlarged, hard gland difficult to move enlarged iliac lymph nodes
101
what causes ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) in small ruminants?
Corynebacterium renale: high protein diets
102
does transmissible venereal tumor undergo spontaneous regression?
yes

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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