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reproductive pathophysiology > Reproductive Pathophysiology Male > Flashcards

Reproductive Pathophysiology Male Flashcards

1
Q

how common is anorchia?

A

extremely rare

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2
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

inadequate development of testes

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3
Q

what type of gene is gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

autosomal recessive

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4
Q

what happens with the accessory sex organs in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

develop normally

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5
Q

what is dysgenesis?

A

defective or abnormal development

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6
Q

what might testicular dysgenesis be due to?

A

environmental influences

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7
Q

what are spermatoceles like?

A

blind-ended efferent ducts/tubules or rete testis

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8
Q

what can happen if spermatoceles rupture?

A

form granuloma
can induce anti-sperm antibodies

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9
Q

what can you see in small ruminants with spermatoceles?

A

sperm granuloma

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10
Q

what are the common positions of cryptorchidism?

A

sublumbar region
inguinal canal

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11
Q

what are some causes of cryptorchidism?

A

shortened spermatic vessels, ductus deferens, or cremaster
small/underdeveloped inguinal rings
scrotal malformations
inadequate testosterone

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12
Q

why can inadequate testosterone lead to cryptorchidism?

A

persistent cranial gonadal ligament

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13
Q

is cryptorchidism hereditary?

A

yes: do not breed

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14
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

testes retained along path of normal descent

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15
Q

what are the microscopic qualities in retained testes?

A

no or very few sperm
fewer sertoli cells
leydig cells can be slightly reduced or even increased

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16
Q

why do cryptorchid animals exhibit secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior?

A

leydig cells only slightly reduced or increased: is production of testosterone

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17
Q

what are cryptorchid testes prone to?

A

develop neoplasia

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18
Q

what are the germ cells like in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?

A

no germ cells in testes
germ cell migration problem

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19
Q

what can cause acquired testicular atrophy/degeneration?

A

radiation
fever/high environmental temperatures
infection: brucella
neoplasms
vascular occlusions
old age

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20
Q

what cells are the most vulnerable to damage in the testes?

A

germ cells

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21
Q

what cells are least vulnerable to damage in the testes?

A

leydig cells

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22
Q

what cells may be damaged before the leydig cells are?

A

germ cells
sertoli cells

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23
Q

what can radiation do to the the testicular cells?

A

can kill all germ cells but leave leydig and sertoli cells

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24
Q

why is it important that leydig cells are the last ones damaged?

A

testosterone id produced even if animal is sterile

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25
Q

what can be seen in testicular torsion?

A

congested blood vessels in afflicted spermatic cord

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26
Q

what can testicular degeneration be a healing response to?

A

inflammatory process

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27
Q

what can testicular abscesses in sheep be related to?

A

shearing lesions

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28
Q

_____________ is a major reproductive pathogen in ruminants outside of the US

A

Brucella

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29
Q

why is Brucella in wildlife important?

A

transmission to livestock
transmission to humans

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30
Q

what does Brucella canis cause in male dogs?

A

epididymitis
scrotal dermatitis

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31
Q

where can Brucella canis be sequestered?

A

prostate of neutered dogs

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32
Q

how can Brucella canis be transmitted to humans?

A

contact with aborting bitch
semen or urine from an infected male dog

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33
Q

what is hematocele?

A

rupture of pampiniform plexus vessels

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34
Q

what are varicoceles due to?

A

varicose enlargement of the veins in the pampiniform plexus

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35
Q

what can more bipartition in the scrotum lead to?

A

cooler scrotal temperatures

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36
Q

what can equine viral arteritis cause in males?

A

fever
scrotal edema

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37
Q

what can equine viral arteritis cause in mares?

A

abortions

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38
Q

what are the four types of testicular tumors?

A

sertoli cell
leydig cell
seminoma
teratoma (rare)

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39
Q

in whom are testicular tumors most common in?

A

older dogs
also older stallions and bulls

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40
Q

what types of testicular tumors are cryptorchid testes predisposed to?

A

sertoli cell tumors and seminomas

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41
Q

what is the most common tumor of the testes in the dog and bull?

A

leydig cell tumor

42
Q

what do leydig cell tumors look like?

A

orange/yellow and solid
discrete, round/ovoid, encapsulated, bilateral often

43
Q

are leydig cell tumors seen in stallions?

A

occasionally

44
Q

do leydig cell tumors secrete hormones?

A

no

45
Q

who primarily gets sertoli cell tumors?

A

dogs

46
Q

what happens to the contralateral testis in sertoli cell tumors?

A

atrophy of contralateral testis

47
Q

are sertoli cell tumors functional?

A

yes: secrete estrogen

48
Q

what enlarges with sertoli cell tumors?

A

prostate gland

49
Q

what do seminomas look like?

A

soft, white, bulging
can be lobular
solitary and unilateral

50
Q

who primarily gets seminomas?

A

dog

51
Q

what do seminoma cells look like?

A

spermatogonia or round spermatocytes

52
Q

who gets teratomas?

A

young horses
cryptorchid testes usually

53
Q

what can teratomas contain?

A

hair
bone
nervous system tissues

54
Q

what are the accessory sex glands?

A

prostate
bulbourethral glands
vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
ampullae (species vary)

55
Q

what accessory sex glands do dogs have?

A

prostate only

56
Q

what accessory sex glands do cats have?

A

prostate
bulbourethral gland

57
Q

what do the accessory sex glands do?

A

add fluid to semen
support motility and metabolic activity

58
Q

how can you diagnose infection of the vesicular glands?

A

neutrophils in ejaculate

59
Q

who can get infection of the vesicular glands?

A

bulls and stallions

60
Q

what can infect the vesicular glands of bulls and stallions?

A

Corynebacterium pyogenes most common
Truperella pyogenes other name

61
Q

in whom are diseases of the prostate gland most common?

A

dog
older and intact

62
Q

what are some diseases of the prostate gland?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia
acute and chronic prostitis
squamous metaplasia
adenocarcinoma
prostatic cysts
prostatic abscesses

63
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia related to?

A

increases in 5alpha DHT with low estrogen

64
Q

why can benign prostatic hyperplasia be an issue?

A

compress colon if large: problems defecating
secondary infection

65
Q

in whom is prostitis clinically significant?

A

dog only

66
Q

how can you tell prostitis is acute?

A

systemic signs
painful gland
inflammatory cells, blood in urine, semen

67
Q

what can untreated acute prostitis lead to?

A

metastatic sepsis
septicemia
peritonitis
death

68
Q

how can you tell prostitis is chronic?

A

sporadic symptoms
incontinence and dysuria
no painful during palpation

69
Q

is chronic prostitis painful on palpation?

A

no

70
Q

what leads to squamous metaplasia of the prostate?

A

hyperestrogenism

71
Q

how common is adenocarcinoma of the prostate?

A

rare, seen in dogs
older dogs

72
Q

why is castration not protective of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?

A

androgen independent

73
Q

what are the symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?

A

straining to defecate and urinate
lameness
debilitated

74
Q

what can prostatic cysts be part of?

A

prostatic enlargement

75
Q

what can prostatic cysts be associated with?

A

hyperestrogenism

76
Q

what can prostatic abscesses be associated with?

A

benign hyperplasia or prostitis

77
Q

what can prostatic abscesses do?

A

rupture and cause peritonitis

78
Q

is diphallus congenital?

A

yes

79
Q

in whom is it normal to have a diphallus?

A

opossum

80
Q

what are penile deviations in bulls due to?

A

problem with apical ligament of penis

81
Q

what is paraphymosis?

A

inability to withdraw penis into prepuce

82
Q

what can cause paraphymosis?

A

paralysis: large animal rabies, drugs (acepromazine)
trauma
hair rings in dogs

83
Q

in whom are hair rings around the penis seen?

A

dogs
chinchillas

84
Q

what is phimosis?

A

inability to extend penis out of prepuce

85
Q

what can cause phimosis?

A

persistent frenulum
trauma
obstruction
adhesions of penis prepuce

86
Q

what is penile hematoma due to in bulls?

A

rupture of tunica albuginea of penis: during mating

87
Q

where are penile hematomas in bulls?

A

distal sigmoid flexure: attachment of retractor penis muscle

88
Q

what is balanoposthitis?

A

inflammation of glans penis and prepuce

89
Q

what pathogens can cause balanopothitis?

A

bovine herpes
canine herpes
tritrichomonas

90
Q

what does parapox virus cause in small ruminants?

A

ulcerative dermatosis: lip and leg
balanoposthitis
additional lesions upper lip, face, feet

91
Q

in whom are fibropapillomas common?

A

young bulls

92
Q

in whom are squamous cell carcinomas on penises seen in?

A

older horses
occasionally dogs

93
Q

in whom are preputial melanomas in horses seen?

A

gray horses with dark skin
genetic

94
Q

what does it mean that transmissible venereal tumors are “alien”?

A

59 chromosomes
dogs normally have 78

95
Q

of the developing germ cells, _______________ are more resistant that other phases of developing sperm

A

spermatogonia

96
Q

what are some signs of sertoli cell tumor associated with it secreting estrogen?

A

alopecia
gynecomastia
loss of libido
attract male dogs

97
Q

how can you access the vesicular glands in a stallion?

A

endoscope

98
Q

when is benign prostatic hyperplasia reduced?

A

if castrated less than a year

99
Q

where can adenocarcinoma of the prostate metastasize to?

A

bone
bladder
lymph nodes
lungs

100
Q

what are some clinical findings with adenocarcinoma of the prostate?

A

enlarged, hard gland
difficult to move
enlarged iliac lymph nodes

101
Q

what causes ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) in small ruminants?

A

Corynebacterium renale: high protein diets

102
Q

does transmissible venereal tumor undergo spontaneous regression?

A

yes

reproductive pathophysiology (12 decks)

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