Reproductive Pathophysiology Male Flashcards
how common is anorchia?
extremely rare
what is hypoplasia?
inadequate development of testes
what type of gene is gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?
autosomal recessive
what happens with the accessory sex organs in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?
develop normally
what is dysgenesis?
defective or abnormal development
what might testicular dysgenesis be due to?
environmental influences
what are spermatoceles like?
blind-ended efferent ducts/tubules or rete testis
what can happen if spermatoceles rupture?
form granuloma
can induce anti-sperm antibodies
what can you see in small ruminants with spermatoceles?
sperm granuloma
what are the common positions of cryptorchidism?
sublumbar region
inguinal canal
what are some causes of cryptorchidism?
shortened spermatic vessels, ductus deferens, or cremaster
small/underdeveloped inguinal rings
scrotal malformations
inadequate testosterone
why can inadequate testosterone lead to cryptorchidism?
persistent cranial gonadal ligament
is cryptorchidism hereditary?
yes: do not breed
what is cryptorchidism?
testes retained along path of normal descent
what are the microscopic qualities in retained testes?
no or very few sperm
fewer sertoli cells
leydig cells can be slightly reduced or even increased
why do cryptorchid animals exhibit secondary sexual characteristics and sexual behavior?
leydig cells only slightly reduced or increased: is production of testosterone
what are cryptorchid testes prone to?
develop neoplasia
what are the germ cells like in gonadal hypoplasia in swedish highland cattle?
no germ cells in testes
germ cell migration problem
what can cause acquired testicular atrophy/degeneration?
radiation
fever/high environmental temperatures
infection: brucella
neoplasms
vascular occlusions
old age
what cells are the most vulnerable to damage in the testes?
germ cells
what cells are least vulnerable to damage in the testes?
leydig cells
what cells may be damaged before the leydig cells are?
germ cells
sertoli cells
what can radiation do to the the testicular cells?
can kill all germ cells but leave leydig and sertoli cells
why is it important that leydig cells are the last ones damaged?
testosterone id produced even if animal is sterile
what can be seen in testicular torsion?
congested blood vessels in afflicted spermatic cord
what can testicular degeneration be a healing response to?
inflammatory process
what can testicular abscesses in sheep be related to?
shearing lesions
_____________ is a major reproductive pathogen in ruminants outside of the US
Brucella
why is Brucella in wildlife important?
transmission to livestock
transmission to humans
what does Brucella canis cause in male dogs?
epididymitis
scrotal dermatitis
where can Brucella canis be sequestered?
prostate of neutered dogs
how can Brucella canis be transmitted to humans?
contact with aborting bitch
semen or urine from an infected male dog
what is hematocele?
rupture of pampiniform plexus vessels
what are varicoceles due to?
varicose enlargement of the veins in the pampiniform plexus
what can more bipartition in the scrotum lead to?
cooler scrotal temperatures
what can equine viral arteritis cause in males?
fever
scrotal edema
what can equine viral arteritis cause in mares?
abortions
what are the four types of testicular tumors?
sertoli cell
leydig cell
seminoma
teratoma (rare)
in whom are testicular tumors most common in?
older dogs
also older stallions and bulls
what types of testicular tumors are cryptorchid testes predisposed to?
sertoli cell tumors and seminomas
what is the most common tumor of the testes in the dog and bull?
leydig cell tumor
what do leydig cell tumors look like?
orange/yellow and solid
discrete, round/ovoid, encapsulated, bilateral often
are leydig cell tumors seen in stallions?
occasionally
do leydig cell tumors secrete hormones?
no
who primarily gets sertoli cell tumors?
dogs
what happens to the contralateral testis in sertoli cell tumors?
atrophy of contralateral testis
are sertoli cell tumors functional?
yes: secrete estrogen
what enlarges with sertoli cell tumors?
prostate gland
what do seminomas look like?
soft, white, bulging
can be lobular
solitary and unilateral
who primarily gets seminomas?
dog
what do seminoma cells look like?
spermatogonia or round spermatocytes
who gets teratomas?
young horses
cryptorchid testes usually
what can teratomas contain?
hair
bone
nervous system tissues
what are the accessory sex glands?
prostate
bulbourethral glands
vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
ampullae (species vary)
what accessory sex glands do dogs have?
prostate only
what accessory sex glands do cats have?
prostate
bulbourethral gland
what do the accessory sex glands do?
add fluid to semen
support motility and metabolic activity
how can you diagnose infection of the vesicular glands?
neutrophils in ejaculate
who can get infection of the vesicular glands?
bulls and stallions
what can infect the vesicular glands of bulls and stallions?
Corynebacterium pyogenes most common
Truperella pyogenes other name
in whom are diseases of the prostate gland most common?
dog
older and intact
what are some diseases of the prostate gland?
benign prostatic hyperplasia
acute and chronic prostitis
squamous metaplasia
adenocarcinoma
prostatic cysts
prostatic abscesses
what is benign prostatic hyperplasia related to?
increases in 5alpha DHT with low estrogen
why can benign prostatic hyperplasia be an issue?
compress colon if large: problems defecating
secondary infection
in whom is prostitis clinically significant?
dog only
how can you tell prostitis is acute?
systemic signs
painful gland
inflammatory cells, blood in urine, semen
what can untreated acute prostitis lead to?
metastatic sepsis
septicemia
peritonitis
death
how can you tell prostitis is chronic?
sporadic symptoms
incontinence and dysuria
no painful during palpation
is chronic prostitis painful on palpation?
no
what leads to squamous metaplasia of the prostate?
hyperestrogenism
how common is adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
rare, seen in dogs
older dogs
why is castration not protective of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
androgen independent
what are the symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
straining to defecate and urinate
lameness
debilitated
what can prostatic cysts be part of?
prostatic enlargement
what can prostatic cysts be associated with?
hyperestrogenism
what can prostatic abscesses be associated with?
benign hyperplasia or prostitis
what can prostatic abscesses do?
rupture and cause peritonitis
is diphallus congenital?
yes
in whom is it normal to have a diphallus?
opossum
what are penile deviations in bulls due to?
problem with apical ligament of penis
what is paraphymosis?
inability to withdraw penis into prepuce
what can cause paraphymosis?
paralysis: large animal rabies, drugs (acepromazine)
trauma
hair rings in dogs
in whom are hair rings around the penis seen?
dogs
chinchillas
what is phimosis?
inability to extend penis out of prepuce
what can cause phimosis?
persistent frenulum
trauma
obstruction
adhesions of penis prepuce
what is penile hematoma due to in bulls?
rupture of tunica albuginea of penis: during mating
where are penile hematomas in bulls?
distal sigmoid flexure: attachment of retractor penis muscle
what is balanoposthitis?
inflammation of glans penis and prepuce
what pathogens can cause balanopothitis?
bovine herpes
canine herpes
tritrichomonas
what does parapox virus cause in small ruminants?
ulcerative dermatosis: lip and leg
balanoposthitis
additional lesions upper lip, face, feet
in whom are fibropapillomas common?
young bulls
in whom are squamous cell carcinomas on penises seen in?
older horses
occasionally dogs
in whom are preputial melanomas in horses seen?
gray horses with dark skin
genetic
what does it mean that transmissible venereal tumors are “alien”?
59 chromosomes
dogs normally have 78
of the developing germ cells, _______________ are more resistant that other phases of developing sperm
spermatogonia
what are some signs of sertoli cell tumor associated with it secreting estrogen?
alopecia
gynecomastia
loss of libido
attract male dogs
how can you access the vesicular glands in a stallion?
endoscope
when is benign prostatic hyperplasia reduced?
if castrated less than a year
where can adenocarcinoma of the prostate metastasize to?
bone
bladder
lymph nodes
lungs
what are some clinical findings with adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
enlarged, hard gland
difficult to move
enlarged iliac lymph nodes
what causes ulcerative posthitis (pizzle rot) in small ruminants?
Corynebacterium renale: high protein diets
does transmissible venereal tumor undergo spontaneous regression?
yes
