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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 4: Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Section 4: Small Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

how large are small ruminant ovaries?

A

about 15mm long

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2
Q

where are small ruminant ovaries suspended?

A

brim of pelvis

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3
Q

how large are mature follicles in small ruminants?

A

10mm in diameter

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4
Q

how long is the small ruminant oviduct?

A

15-19 cm
tortuous

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5
Q

describe the small ruminant uterus

A

bicornuate

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6
Q

does the small ruminant uterus have an intercornual ligament?

A

yes

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7
Q

how many caruncles does the small ruminant uterus have?

A

80-100 caruncles

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8
Q

is an ewe lamb born with caruncles or do they develop later in life?

A

born with them

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9
Q

how many rings does the ewe cervix have?

A

4-6

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10
Q

what type of rings does the ewe cervix have?

A

interdigitating annular rings

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11
Q

what type of rings does the doe cervix have?

A

non-interdigitating annular rings

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12
Q

how many rings does the doe cervix have?

A

3-5

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13
Q

when does puberty occur in small ruminant females?

A

65% of mature weight
on average: 6-9 months

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14
Q

what type of estrous cycle do small ruminants have in the northern hemisphere?

A

seasonally polyestrous
short-day breeders

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15
Q

what is the estrous cycle length of an ewe?

A

16-17 days

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16
Q

what is the estrous cycle length of a doe?

A

18-21 days

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17
Q

how long do ewes show behavioral estrus?

A

24-36 hours

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18
Q

what are the signs of estrus in ewes?

A

subtle
standing for ram
hyperemic vulva?
mucus?

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19
Q

how long do does show behavioral estrus?

A

12-36 hours, some longer

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20
Q

what are the signs of estrus in does?

A

tail flagging
vocalization
frequent urination
standing for buck

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21
Q

when do ewes ovulate?

A

12 hours before the end of estrus

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22
Q

when do does ovulate?

A

12-36 hours after the start of estrus

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23
Q

what can affect ovulation?

A

number of ovulations
nutrition
breed
presence of male
exogenous GnRH

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24
Q

how long does ewe diestrus last?

A

14-15 days

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25
how long does doe diestrus last?
17-20 days
26
what does diestrus end with?
PGF2alpha from uterus lysing corpus luteum
27
when does anestrus occur in small ruminants?
long days
28
what is anestrus?
not a stage of estrus cycle when estrus cycle arrests
29
how long is the urethral process of the small ruminant male?
2-5 cm
30
what is most ventral in the small ruminant testicles?
tail of epididymis
31
how many degrees below body temperature are the testicles kept?
4-7 degrees C
32
what does scrotal circumference depend on?
breed age
33
what accessory sex glands do small ruminants have?
ampullae vesicular glands bulbourethral gland prostate: disseminate portion only
34
when do testicles descend in small ruminants?
80 days of gestation in the fetus
35
if a male small ruminant is born with one or no testicles in the scrotum, will they descend later?
no
36
when do male small ruminants hit puberty?
50-60% of adult weight typically 6-9 months but can have mature sperm in the epididymis as early as 3 months
37
when does the penis separate from the prepuce in small ruminants?
around 5 months old as testosterone increases
38
what is the precopulatory behavior of small ruminants?
sniffing flehmen nudging mounting urinating (buck only) vocalizing
39
how fast is intromission/ejaculation in small ruminants?
instantaneous
40
what percentage of sperm penetrate the cervix in small ruminants?
5-10%
41
how long does small ruminant semen live?
24 hours
42
does sperm quality change in the non-breeding season?
yes- reduced in non-breeding season
43
_______________ is a natural behavior to establish rank/hierarchy
sodomy also fighting
44
what is the dominance effect in small ruminant males?
dominant males within a herd/flock with physically interfere with mating by subordinate males
45
what is the audience effect of small ruminants?
subordinate males are psychologically inhibited from breeding when in sight of a dominant male frequency of mounting and ejaculation is decreased
46
what is the gestation of small ruminants?
145-150 days 5 months
47
what is the lifespan of the unfertilized ova?
10-24 hours
48
are twins/triplets normal in small ruminants?
yes
49
when does maternal recognition of the pregnancy occur in small ruminants?
day 12
50
when does attachment of the fetus occur?
day 14-18
51
when does the fetus enter the uterus?
day 4 morula stage of embryo
52
do the embryos migrate to the other uterine horn?
if single embryo: no twins: one embryo will migrate to other horn
53
what type of placenta do small ruminants have?
epitheliochorial cotyledonary
54
which small ruminant is dependent upon the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy?
doe
55
when is the ewe pregnancy not corpus luteum dependent?
after 50 days uterus making enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy
56
_______ of fetal growth occurs in the last 2 months of gestation
85%
57
why is it important that so much fetal growth occurs in the last 2 months of gestation?
important to increase nutrition in the last trimester to support this growth and prevent pregnancy toxemia
58
what is the parturition cascade of the ewe?
fetal cortisol triggers production of 17-alpha hydroxylase by cotyledons switch from progesterone to estrogen production by uterus
59
what does increased estrogen in parturition lead to?
synthesis of PGF2alpha increased oxytocin receptors release of relaxin
60
what is stage one of labor?
dilation of cervix
61
how long does stage one of labor last in the ewe?
2-6 hours
62
how long does stage one of labor last in the doe?
1-10 hours
63
how long does stage two of labor last in the ewe?
30 minutes to 2 hours
64
how long does stage two of labor last in the doe?
less than 1 hour of active labor, all kids delivered within 3 hours
65
what is normal delivery of small ruminants?
cranial dorso-sacral head resting on extended forelimbs
66
how long does stage three of labor last in ewes?
1-8 hours
67
how long does stage three of labor last in does?
within 12 hours usually within 2 hours
68
when is it considered retained fetal membranes in small ruminants?
more than 12 hours usually some pathologic reason for: mineral deficiency, abortion
69
what is a persistent frenulum?
failure of penis to separate from prepuce
70
how much ejaculate does a small ruminant produce?
0.5-2ml
71
what is the concentration of sperm per ml in a ram's ejaculate?
1.5-3 billion
72
what is the concentration of sperm per ml in a buck's ejaculate?
1.5-6 billion
73
what shape are the small ruminant caruncles?
concave
74
why is the ewe pregnancy not CL dependent after day 50?
uterus is making enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy
75
what do the fetal cotyledons produce in the parturition cascade?
17-alpha hydroxylase
76
what does the uterus switch in making during the parturition cascade?
progesterone to estrogen
77
what are the characteristic signs of stage 1 labor?
restlessness nest building pawing moody inappetence?

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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