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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 4: Small Ruminant > Flashcards

Section 4: Small Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

how large are small ruminant ovaries?

A

about 15mm long

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2
Q

where are small ruminant ovaries suspended?

A

brim of pelvis

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3
Q

how large are mature follicles in small ruminants?

A

10mm in diameter

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4
Q

how long is the small ruminant oviduct?

A

15-19 cm
tortuous

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5
Q

describe the small ruminant uterus

A

bicornuate

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6
Q

does the small ruminant uterus have an intercornual ligament?

A

yes

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7
Q

how many caruncles does the small ruminant uterus have?

A

80-100 caruncles

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8
Q

is an ewe lamb born with caruncles or do they develop later in life?

A

born with them

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9
Q

how many rings does the ewe cervix have?

A

4-6

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10
Q

what type of rings does the ewe cervix have?

A

interdigitating annular rings

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11
Q

what type of rings does the doe cervix have?

A

non-interdigitating annular rings

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12
Q

how many rings does the doe cervix have?

A

3-5

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13
Q

when does puberty occur in small ruminant females?

A

65% of mature weight
on average: 6-9 months

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14
Q

what type of estrous cycle do small ruminants have in the northern hemisphere?

A

seasonally polyestrous
short-day breeders

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15
Q

what is the estrous cycle length of an ewe?

A

16-17 days

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16
Q

what is the estrous cycle length of a doe?

A

18-21 days

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17
Q

how long do ewes show behavioral estrus?

A

24-36 hours

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18
Q

what are the signs of estrus in ewes?

A

subtle
standing for ram
hyperemic vulva?
mucus?

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19
Q

how long do does show behavioral estrus?

A

12-36 hours, some longer

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20
Q

what are the signs of estrus in does?

A

tail flagging
vocalization
frequent urination
standing for buck

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21
Q

when do ewes ovulate?

A

12 hours before the end of estrus

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22
Q

when do does ovulate?

A

12-36 hours after the start of estrus

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23
Q

what can affect ovulation?

A

number of ovulations
nutrition
breed
presence of male
exogenous GnRH

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24
Q

how long does ewe diestrus last?

A

14-15 days

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25
Q

how long does doe diestrus last?

A

17-20 days

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26
Q

what does diestrus end with?

A

PGF2alpha from uterus lysing corpus luteum

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27
Q

when does anestrus occur in small ruminants?

A

long days

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28
Q

what is anestrus?

A

not a stage of estrus cycle
when estrus cycle arrests

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29
Q

how long is the urethral process of the small ruminant male?

A

2-5 cm

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30
Q

what is most ventral in the small ruminant testicles?

A

tail of epididymis

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31
Q

how many degrees below body temperature are the testicles kept?

A

4-7 degrees C

32
Q

what does scrotal circumference depend on?

33
Q

what accessory sex glands do small ruminants have?

A

ampullae
vesicular glands
bulbourethral gland
prostate: disseminate portion only

34
Q

when do testicles descend in small ruminants?

A

80 days of gestation
in the fetus

35
Q

if a male small ruminant is born with one or no testicles in the scrotum, will they descend later?

36
Q

when do male small ruminants hit puberty?

A

50-60% of adult weight
typically 6-9 months but can have mature sperm in the epididymis as early as 3 months

37
Q

when does the penis separate from the prepuce in small ruminants?

A

around 5 months old as testosterone increases

38
Q

what is the precopulatory behavior of small ruminants?

A

sniffing
flehmen
nudging
mounting
urinating (buck only)
vocalizing

39
Q

how fast is intromission/ejaculation in small ruminants?

A

instantaneous

40
Q

what percentage of sperm penetrate the cervix in small ruminants?

41
Q

how long does small ruminant semen live?

42
Q

does sperm quality change in the non-breeding season?

A

yes- reduced in non-breeding season

43
Q

_______________ is a natural behavior to establish rank/hierarchy

A

sodomy
also fighting

44
Q

what is the dominance effect in small ruminant males?

A

dominant males within a herd/flock with physically interfere with mating by subordinate males

45
Q

what is the audience effect of small ruminants?

A

subordinate males are psychologically inhibited from breeding when in sight of a dominant male
frequency of mounting and ejaculation is decreased

46
Q

what is the gestation of small ruminants?

A

145-150 days
5 months

47
Q

what is the lifespan of the unfertilized ova?

A

10-24 hours

48
Q

are twins/triplets normal in small ruminants?

49
Q

when does maternal recognition of the pregnancy occur in small ruminants?

50
Q

when does attachment of the fetus occur?

51
Q

when does the fetus enter the uterus?

A

day 4
morula stage of embryo

52
Q

do the embryos migrate to the other uterine horn?

A

if single embryo: no
twins: one embryo will migrate to other horn

53
Q

what type of placenta do small ruminants have?

A

epitheliochorial cotyledonary

54
Q

which small ruminant is dependent upon the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy?

55
Q

when is the ewe pregnancy not corpus luteum dependent?

A

after 50 days
uterus making enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy

56
Q

_______ of fetal growth occurs in the last 2 months of gestation

57
Q

why is it important that so much fetal growth occurs in the last 2 months of gestation?

A

important to increase nutrition in the last trimester to support this growth and prevent pregnancy toxemia

58
Q

what is the parturition cascade of the ewe?

A

fetal cortisol triggers production of 17-alpha hydroxylase by cotyledons
switch from progesterone to estrogen production by uterus

59
Q

what does increased estrogen in parturition lead to?

A

synthesis of PGF2alpha
increased oxytocin receptors
release of relaxin

60
Q

what is stage one of labor?

A

dilation of cervix

61
Q

how long does stage one of labor last in the ewe?

62
Q

how long does stage one of labor last in the doe?

A

1-10 hours

63
Q

how long does stage two of labor last in the ewe?

A

30 minutes to 2 hours

64
Q

how long does stage two of labor last in the doe?

A

less than 1 hour of active labor, all kids delivered within 3 hours

65
Q

what is normal delivery of small ruminants?

A

cranial
dorso-sacral
head resting on extended forelimbs

66
Q

how long does stage three of labor last in ewes?

67
Q

how long does stage three of labor last in does?

A

within 12 hours
usually within 2 hours

68
Q

when is it considered retained fetal membranes in small ruminants?

A

more than 12 hours
usually some pathologic reason for: mineral deficiency, abortion

69
Q

what is a persistent frenulum?

A

failure of penis to separate from prepuce

70
Q

how much ejaculate does a small ruminant produce?

71
Q

what is the concentration of sperm per ml in a ram’s ejaculate?

A

1.5-3 billion

72
Q

what is the concentration of sperm per ml in a buck’s ejaculate?

A

1.5-6 billion

73
Q

what shape are the small ruminant caruncles?

74
Q

why is the ewe pregnancy not CL dependent after day 50?

A

uterus is making enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy

75
Q

what do the fetal cotyledons produce in the parturition cascade?

A

17-alpha hydroxylase

76
Q

what does the uterus switch in making during the parturition cascade?

A

progesterone to estrogen

77
Q

what are the characteristic signs of stage 1 labor?

A

restlessness
nest building
pawing
moody
inappetence?

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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