Canine and Feline Flashcards
when does canine puberty occur?
between 6 and 24 months
larger breed dogs usually later onset
what is canine puberty onset influenced by?
breed
size
environment
body condition
how large are canine ovaries?
1-3cm
where are canine ovaries located?
caudal to corresponding kidneys
within ovarian bursa
what prevents backflow from the uterus into the uterine tubes?
uterotubular junction
what type of uterus do canines have?
bicornuate
what is the canine cervix like?
short, thick-walled, muscular sphincter
within abdomen
1.5-2cm
what is the vaginal mucosa like in proestrus?
edematous and pink
what is the vaginal mucosa like in estrus?
pale pink
reduction in edema causes a crenulated appearance
where is the vestibule?
between lips of vulva and the vagina
how many mammary glands do canines typically have?
10
8-12
what type of estrous cycle do canines have?
monoestrous
non-seasonal (?)
how many times do canines typically cycle in a year?
twice
can range 1-4 a year
how long does proestrus last in a bitch?
9 days
what are hormones doing during proestrus?
estradiol peaks
progesterone begins to rise in late proestrus
how long does estrus last in a bitch?
9 days
how long does diestrus last in the bitch?
2 months
what are hormones doing during diestrus?
low estradiol
elevated progesterone throughout
how long does anestrus last in a bitch?
4 months
what are hormones doing during anestrus?
estradiol low
progesterone low
FSH and LH pulses increase in late anestrus
when does ovulation occur?
2 days after LH surge
at what stage do eggs ovulate in canines?
primary oocytes in prophase I
how long do eggs remain fertile after maturation?
48-72 hours
how long to eggs in canines require to complete metaphase II?
48-60 hours
what is vaginal cytology useful for?
evaluate progression of estrous cycle
what cells can you find in a vaginal cytology?
parabasal
intermediate
superficial
anucleate
when are parabasal cells seen?
diestrus
anestrus
not uncommon in early proestrus
what do parabasal cells look like?
fried egg appearance
when are intermediate cells seen?
proestrus
when are superficial cells seen?
late proestrus
estrus
what is the nucleus like in superficial cells?
undefined or small
when are anucleate cells seen?
estrus
what is an anucleate cell like?
cornified
nucleus is absent
polygonal or “cornflake” shape evident
what engages the copulatory lock?
bulbus glandis
what accessory sex gland does the dog have?
prostate
where is the prostate located?
retroperitoneal
what provides most of the ejaculatory volume?
prostate
when do testicles descend in dogs?
within first week of life typically
final position at 35 days
not classified as cryptorchid until 6 months old
when does puberty occur in the dog?
approximately 1 year of age
what is puberty in the dog?
age of first ejaculation
what are the secondary behaviors in the dog?
humping
marking
leg lifting
how long does the copulatory lock last?
10-15 minutes
what should you look at when evaluating semen?
color
opacity
volume
what is ideal motility in dogs?
> 70%
what is ideal morphology in dogs?
> 70%
what do you evaluate when looking at morphology?
individual sperm shape
how long does chilled preserved sperm last after collection?
several days
how long does cryopreserved sperm last after collection?
years
how long is cryopreserved sperm viable in the bitch?
12-24 hours
how often do you breed when using natural service?
every other day
typically between day 10-14 of cycle
what are some challenges associated with natural service?
transporting dogs
arranging for multiple breedings
not ideal for some breeds
what tool is used in trans-cervical insemination?
rigid fiberoptic endoscope
where is semen deposited in intrauterine/surgical insemination?
horns of uterus via abdominal surgical incision
when do canine embryos implant?
16-18 days after LH surge
what type of placenta do canines have?
zonary endotheliochorial
where does progesterone come from in the pregnant bitch?
corpus luteum
not placenta
what is gestational length in bitches?
65 days from LH surge
63 days from ovulation
how can pregnancy be diagnosed in bitches?
palpation
ultrasound
relaxin
radiographs
when is palpation best performed for diagnosing pregnancy in the bitch?
prior to 31 days
when is ultrasound performed to diagnose pregnancy?
25-28 days best
up to 35 days post ovulation
what is ultrasound useful for in diagnosing pregnancy?
fetal viability
reasonably fetal counts
gestational aging from fetal measurements
when is palpating for pregnancy challenging?
large dogs
tense abdomens
more cranial position
mammary development
what is relaxin?
hormone released from gravid uterus to relax pelvis and vagina
does relaxin assess viability?
no
when does fetal skeletal mineralization begin in canines?
45 days of gestation
when can you get an accurate fetal count using radiographs?
55-60 days of gestation
how can you predict onset of parturition?
2 degree F drop correlates with a <2 ng/ml serum progesterone
relaxation of gravid uterus
mammary development or early lactation
how reliable is predicting onset of parturition?
fairly inaccurate
how long does stage I of parturition last in canines?
6-12 hours
primiparous bitches may last 36 hours
how often should puppies be delivered during stage II of parturition?
every 30-60 minutes
how long may the entire delivery (stages II and III) last?
12 hours
does stage III come after all of the puppies are born?
alternates with stage II
what is the uterus like in the queen?
long uterine horns
short uterine body
what estrous cycle do queens have?
seasonally polyestrous long-day breeders
when do queens cycle?
February through September/October
when does puberty begin in queens?
5-9 months of age
what does puberty onset in queens depend on?
season when born
breed
how long does proestrus last in the queen?
1-2 days average
how long does estrus last in the queen?
7 days average
2-19 days
what are hormones doing in estrus in the queen?
high estradiol
low progesterone
what are estrus behaviors in queens?
lordosis
vocalization
restlessness
head rubbing
are external genitalia changes visible in queens in estrus?
no
what does it mean that the queen is an induced ovulator?
LH is released following copulation from vaginal/cervical stimulation
when does ovulation occur in the queen?
24-36 hours after the LH surge
LH surge occurs within 10 minutes of coitus
when does the interestrus/postestrus period occur?
follows estrus if queen failed to ovulate/copulate
when does diestrus occur in the queen?
only if queen has induced ovulation
after estrus
when does anestrus occur in queens?
autumn/winter in northern hemisphere
what are hormone levels in anestrus in queens?
baseline plasma estradiol and progesterone
when do testicles descend in toms?
normally at birth
can freely move within inguinal canal until puberty
describe what happens to the tom penis around puberty?
attachment to prepuce breaks down
what are the keratinous projections on the tom penis dependent on?
testosterone
when do the keratinous projections on the tom penis regress after castration?
4-6 weeks
what accessory sex glands to toms have?
prostate
bulbourethral gland
how can you breed cats using natural breeding?
female should travel to male
place together on day 2 or 3 of estrus
allow multiple breedings over at least 2 days
how long does mating of cats take?
5-50 seconds
how long is pregnancy in queens?
average 63-65 days
what is the average litter size in cats?
3-5 kittens
what type of placenta do cats have?
zonary endotheliochorial
when can pregnancy be diagnosed in a queen with palpation?
17-25 days
harder to count >35 days due to confluence
when is ultrasound recommended for diagnosing pregnancy in the queen?
20-30 days
when does fetal calcification occur in the queen?
begins 30-40 days
how long does stage I of parturition last in a queen?
2-12 hours
how long can it take between kittens for a queen to deliver?
12-24 hours between each kitten
when should kittens nurse?
within 24 hours after birth to absorb colostrum
when do queens resume cyclicity?
1-3 weeks following weaning
what can you look at for predictions of bitch heat?
familial repro history
first heats less predictable and can be split
what does the isthmus of the bitch oviduct have?
crypts for sperm docking
what is the vaginal mucosa like in diestrus?
patchy and hyperemic
irritable tissue
what is vaginal discharge like in proestrus?
serosanguinous
what is serum progesterone in proestrus?
<1 ng/ml
what is serum progesterone at or near the LH surge?
1.0-1.9 ng/ml
when do eggs in the bitch become mature after the LH surge?
4 days after: start of fertile window
when are parabasal cells absent from vaginal cytology in the bitch?
estrus
when can neutrophils be seen on a vaginal cytology of a bitch?
diestrus following copulation
proestrus, especially with RBCs present
what is volume of ejaculate relevant to?
final sperm count
not reflection of performance
how can AI with frozen semen be performed?
intrauterine/surgical
in queens, how much light inhibits folliculogenesis?
<8hours
does the queen have a preovulatory rise of progesterone?
no
what is progesterone like in diestrus of the queen if she copulates?
> 1-2ng/ml
how long do elevated progesterone levels last in the queen for pseudopregnancy and pregnancy?
40 days for pseudopregnancy
60 days for pregnancy
how are the mammary glands of dogs arranged?
two thoracic
two abdominal
one inguinal
what is the range of serum progesterone at or near ovulation?
4.0-10 ng/ml
what is the ideal concentration of semen?
10 million sperm/lb body weight
between which days of a bitch’s cycle are bitches typically bred?
days 10-14
what progesterone level in queens is indicative of ovulation?
> 1ng/ml
what percentage of cats fail to ovulate after a single breeding?
50%
how many times should cats mate in a two hour period?
4-8 times
what is pregnancy duration often based on in queens?
breed and litter size
usually 63-65 days
