Reproductive Pathophysiology Female I Flashcards
1
Q
is the dog ovary within an ovarian bursa?
A
yes- one of two domestic species
2
Q
is ovarian agenesis in association with uterine horn agenesis?
A
no
3
Q
who is ovarian agenesis seen in?
A
cats
4
Q
what is ovarian hypoplasia often related to?
A
chromosomal abnormalities
also germ cell deficit or freemartins
5
Q
what is germ cell deficit?
A
reduction in number of germinal cells
6
Q
are supernumerary/accessory ovaries functional?
A
can be
7
Q
what are supernumerary/accessory ovaries a potential cause of?
A
ovarian remnant syndrome
8
Q
what is the significance of varicoceles?
A
often incidental
9
Q
what are varicoceles?
A
vascular hamartomas/varices
10
Q
what are varicoceles often associated with?
A
ovarian pedicle
11
Q
what are some cystic conditions in the ovary and oviduct?
A
benign cysts
follicular cysts
cyst-like tumors
12
Q
what is the significance of periovarian cysts?
A
usually incidental
13
Q
what is cystic ovarian rete?
A
senile change in all species
14
Q
what is the significance of cystic ovarian rete?
A
seldom cause clinical signs
15
Q
how common is cystic ovarian rete in dogs?
A
up to 10% of older dogs
16
Q
what do you need to rule out when you find an ovarian or oviduct cyst?
A
cystadenomas
cystadenocarcinomas
17
Q
what do follicles do in cystic ovarian disease?
A
follicles take on cystic characteristics
18
Q
who is cystic ovarian disease most common in?
A
cattle
sows
bitches
mares
19
Q
what are cystic graafian follicles common in?
A
dairy cows
20
Q
what can cystic graafian follicles lead to?
A
hyperestrogenism
nymphomania: persistent heat
21
Q
what is the cycling activity of luteinized cystic follicles?
A
acyclic
22
Q
what do luteinized cystic follicles secrete?
A
progesterone
23
Q
who is cystic subsurface epithelial structures seen in?
A
dogs
mares
older intact animals
24
Q
where are cystic subsurface epithelial structures or inclusion cysts seen?
A
in surface epithelium of ovary
25
what are the types of ovarian tumors?
germ cell
ovarian stroma
ovarian surface epithelium
26
who has the greatest incidence of ovarian tumors in domestic animals?
mare
27
what type of ovarian tumor is most common in mares?
granulosa cell tumor: 80%
also called granulosa theca cell tumor
28
what type of ovarian tumor is most common in bitches?
surface epithelium
slightly more than stromal- granulosa cell
29
are granulosa cell tumors unilateral or bilateral?
unilateral
30
what percentage of ovarian tumors in the mare are granulosa cell tumors?
80%
31
what do granulosa cell tumors produce?
often estrogen
androgens
progesterone and inhibin
32
what do granulosa cells produce?
anti-mullerian hormone
33
what can a necrotizing granulosa cell tumor be confused with?
hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle or hemorrhagic cyst
34
do ovaries with granulosa cell tumors have ovulation fossas?
no: just round
35
what can granulosa cell tumors lead to in cows?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia of the uterus
36
what is the most common ovarian tumor in queens?
granulosa cell tumors
37
are granulosa cell tumors in queens usually malignant or benign?
malignant
38
are granulosa cell tumors in bitches usually benign or malignant?
benign
39
what are some germ cell tumors?
dysgerminomas
teratoma
40
what are teratomas like?
differentiate into many different cell types
benign
41
what is dysgerminoma analogous to?
seminoma in male
42
what is the cell of origin of dysgerminoma?
germ cell
43
what cells do teratomas arise from?
totipotent germ cells
44
how common are papillary adenocarcinomas in canine ovarian tumors?
45%
45
are papillary adenocarcinomas usually unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral
46
where do papillary adenocarcinomas invade?
ovarian bursa: shaggy
serosal surfaces of abdomen: ascites
47
what is oophoritis?
inflammatory lesions in the ovary
48
what is the most common etiology of oophoritis?
ascending infections from reproductive tract
49
what cells can oophoritis be transmitted to?
germ cells
50
who is viral infection of the ovary seen in?
cattle
sows
51
when should you consider viral infection of the ovary?
transferring embryos
52
what is a possibility when a horse has a large corpus hemorrhagicum that takes awhile to resolve and can bleed?
granulosa cell tumor
53
what can zearalanone induce in sows?
signs like estrus, no mature follicles
54
what is zearalanone?
mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp of fungus
55
what is ovarian remnant syndrome?
functional ovarian tissue in previously ovariohysterectomized queen or bitch
56
where is residual tissue in ovarian remnant syndrome usually?
ovarian pedicle
right side
57
what is necessary in spayed animals for granulosa cell tumors to form?
remnants
58
how common are congenital defects in anomalies of the ovary?
rare
59
who can hydrosalpinx be seen in?
sows
60
what is cervix bifida?
congenital malformation
vertical septum in cervix
61
are animals with cervix bifida fertile?
yes, but dystocias
62
who is a double cervical os most common in?
cattle
63
are cattle with a double cervical os fertile?
yes, but dystocias
64
what can an incompetent cervical os lead to?
chronic endometritis
65
why is prolapse or cervical rings in cattle difficult?
can complicate AI
66
what are cystic gartner’s ducts?
vestigial remnants of mesonephric ducts
67
where are cystic gartner’s ducts found?
lateral walls of cranial vagina
68
where are cystic vestibular glands found?
only cows
on floor of vestibule
69
what is the etiology of cystic vestibular glands?
estrogen
70
what is vulvar/cervix trauma related to?
dystocias
secondary bacterial infections
71
when can non-traumatic vulvar swelling be seen?
during estrus
prior to parturition
hyperestrogenism
72
when can hyperestrogenism be seen in swine?
mycotoxin: zearalanone
73
who can granular vulvovaginitis occur in?
young dogs
heifers
after first breeding
74
when can granular vulvovaginitis be seen?
after first breeding
secondary to staph dermatitis
75
how can you diagnose that vulvar pustules are due to herpesvirus?
intranuclear inclusion bodies
76
who is impacted by infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?
cattle
77
what is neoplasia of the vagina and vulva mediated by?
estrogen
78
what would be a rule out with a neoplasm of the vagina and vulva- vaginal polyp?
leiomyoma
79
what is leiomyoma related to?
chronic estrogen stimulation
80
who does transmissible venereal tumor occur in?
only dogs
81
how is transmissible venereal tumor transmitted?
venereally by transfer of neoplastic cells: not transformation of their own cells
82
who does fibropapilloma occur in?
cattle
83
what causes fibropapilloma?
bovine papilloma virus
84
who is squamous cell carcinoma in vagina and vulva seen in?
primarily cattle and horses
85
where does squamous cell carcinoma often form?
on areas of light pigmentation
86
who is malignant melanoma specific to?
older gray mares
87
is there a genetic component to malignant melanoma?
yes
88
what is bilateral agenesis of the uterus?
failure of growth of paramesonephric ducts
89
what can unilateral agenesis (uterus unicornus) be related to?
ipsilateral renal agenesis
90
is the ipsilateral ovary present in unilateral agenesis (uterus unicornus)?
yes
91
what is segmental aplasia of the uterus?
segmental arrests in development
92
what is uterus didelphys?
double cervix
93
what can segmental aplasia be mistaken for?
pregnancy
94
what is hypoplasia of the uterus?
uterus does not fully develop
lack of hormonal stimulation/intersex
95
what is atrophy of the uterus?
start normal
reduction in thickness of endometrium and myometrium
96
what is uterine endometrial hyperplasia from?
stimulation of uterine endometrial growth
prolonged hormonal stimulation
97
what is uterine endometrial hyperplasia in dogs and cats?
progesterone acting on estrogen primed uterus
98
where can estrogen come from in estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia?
follicular cysts
granulosa cell tumors
exogenous sources
99
what is estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia in sheep from?
phytoestrogens in grazing pastures
100
what can estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia in sheep cause?
temporary infertility
prolapsed vagina
dystocias
101
what happens histologically in estrogen mediated endometrial hyperplasia?
hypertrophy of myometrium
hyperplasia of endometrium
edematous stroma
increase in endometrial glands
102
what is the most common reproductive disorder in the intact dog?
progesterone mediated endometrial hyperplasia
103
what can progesterone mediated endometrial hyperplasia be related to?
secondary bacterial infection
failure of corpus luteum to regress
104
what can be seen in early cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex?
cysts
proliferation
long micropapillary projections
minimal inflammatory cells
105
what can be seen in late cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex?
bacterial invasion
mucopurulent exudate
cervix closed or open
open retained corpus luteums
106
what can subsurface epithelial structures cause in dogs?
pyometra
107
what is endometritis in the horse?
inflammatory response after breeding
108
what are the histological signs of endometritis in the horse?
signs of inflammation
periglandular fibrosis
endometrial atrophy
lymphatic lacunae enlargement
109
what is the first category in the kenny system?
essentially normal
110
what is the third category in the kenny system?
severe changes
10% likelihood of pregnancy
111
what is cystic ovarian disease in association with in bitches?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
112
what can mares have in cystic ovarian disease?
have persistent large follicle, but cycle normally
113
what are the types of surface epithelium ovarian tumors in bitches?
adenoma/adenocarcinoma
papillary cystadenocarcinomas
114
what can you see histologically in granulosa cell tumors?
call-exner bodies
115
what happens to the contralateral ovary in granulosa cell tumors?
reduction in size
116
do dysgerminomas secrete hormone?
no
117
are teratomas usually benign or malignant?
benign
118
can papillary adenocarcinoma metastasize?
no
119
when has oophoritis been seen in cattle?
contaminated semen
ascending infection following metritis/retained placenta
120
do cystic vestibular glands impact fertility in cows?
not unless infected or very large
121
what type of tumor is leiomyoma?
smooth muscle
122
does transmissible venereal tumor eventually undergo spontaneous regression?
yes
123
what can cause chronic estrogen stimulation that leads to leiomyomas?
cystic ovarian follicles
estrogen-secreting tumors
124
when do you see neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils in endometritis in the horse?
neutrophils: acute
macrophages: chronic
eosinophils: fungal
125
what types of surface epithelium tumors can bitches get?
adenoma/adenocarcinoma
papillary cystadenocarcinomas
126
what hormones can be used to diagnose granulosa cell tumors in horses?
AMH/MIS
127
what are the signs of zearalenone in sows?
like estrus
no mature follicles
