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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 5: Swine > Flashcards

Section 5: Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the swine uterus?

A

sperm transport
environment for pre-attachment embryo
maternal contribution for the placenta
expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta
luteolysis and control of the estrous cycle

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2
Q

what promotes prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) synthesis by the uterine endometrium?

A

oxytocin from endometrium, posterior pituitary, and corpus luteum

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3
Q

how large is the swine cervix?

A

up to 20cm in length

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4
Q

what does the swine cervix contain?

A

interdigitating prominences

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5
Q

do swine ovaries have multiple ovulations?

A

yes
multi-ovulatory ovaries

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6
Q

how large does the ovarian follicle grow before ovulation in swine?

A

8-12mm in diameter

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7
Q

where does ovulation occur in the swine ovary?

A

random locations

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8
Q

what is produced from the ovary that contributes to estrus behavior and morphologic changes in the reproductive tract?

A

estradiol

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9
Q

what type of breeders are sows?

A

nonseasonal polyestrous breeders

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10
Q

what percentage of USA swine farms use artificial insemination?

A

90%

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11
Q

when does the first AI tend to be performed on gilts?

A

second or third cycle

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12
Q

how long does pregnancy last in the sow?

A

113-115 days

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13
Q

what is the weaning to estrus interval in sows? how is this useful?

A

4-6 days
weaning can be used to synchronize estrus

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14
Q

how many oocytes do sows ovulate each estrus?

A

15-30 oocytes

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15
Q

there are lower farrowing rates for sows mated during ___________________________

A

late summer through fall

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16
Q

why are there lower farrowing rates for sows mated during late summer to fall?

A

increased postweaning anestrus
decreased conception rate
decreased boar fertility

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17
Q

how long does the corpus luteum last in the sow?

A

about 14 days

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18
Q

what is luteolysis caused by?

A

PGF2alpha from the uterus

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19
Q

when does the corpus luteum respond to exogenous prostaglandin?

A

only after day 11-12
do not use prostaglandin to synchronize estrus

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20
Q

how long is the sow proestrus?

A

long
4 days: luteolysis to estrus

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21
Q

how long is the sow estrus?

A

1-4 days
2 days: owner detected
3-4 days in presence of boar

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22
Q

when are sows bred?

A

first and second day of estrus

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23
Q

when do most sows ovulate?

A

second day of estrus
36-44 hours after onset of estrus

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24
Q

sows may ovulate ______________ follicles

A

10 to 25+

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25
when does puberty occur in gilts?
6 months 200 days
26
when are gilts bred?
7 months second or third estrus: first estrus fertility low
27
when does a gilt farrow?
11 months old
28
what factors influence the onset of puberty in gilts?
age nutrition body weight season/lighting confinement boar exposure
29
how does confinement affect the age of puberty?
confinement/crowding increases stress a little, which leads to earlier onset of puberty
30
how can the first estrus be induced in gilts?
hormonal manipulation: stimulate follicle growth or modulate luteal function
31
what things may delay puberty?
long days high ambient temperature restricted diet small group size fewer than 4 gilts in a pen
32
________ generally have a higher ovulation rate than ________
sows gilts
33
when does the ovulation rate of gilts increase?
over first four estrus periods
34
what is the cardinal sign of heat detection?
"standing" to back pressure best if boar is present "boar-mate"
35
what are the non-cardinal signs of heat detection in the sow?
restlessness boar seeking swollen, red vulva mucous discharge
36
what accessory sex glands do boars have?
vesicular gland prostate gland bulbourethral gland
37
what accessory sex gland do boars not have?
ampulla
38
what accessory sex gland contributes the bulk of the seminal volume?
vesicular gland
39
what type of penis does the boar have?
fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure corkscrew-shaped glans penis
40
where are the boar testes located?
immediately ventral to the anus
41
what is the volume of the boar ejaculate?
100-300ml greatest volume of all domestic species
42
how many sperm are in a boar's ejaculate?
30-55 billion sperm/ejaculate
43
what day do the embryos enter the uterus?
day 3
44
what day do the embryos migrate to evenly space out in the uterus?
after day 7
45
when does maternal recognition of the fetuses occur in the sow?
day 11-12
46
how many embryos must be present for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?
at least 2 embryos in each horn
47
when do crowded embryos die in the sow?
after day 30
48
how does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur in the sow?
estradiol causes prostaglandin to be rerouted into uterine lumen PGF2alpha destroyed in uterine lumen, preventing it from entering circulation and luteinizing the corpus luteum
49
when do swine embryos start to attach?
day 14
50
what type of placenta is the swine placenta?
diffuse epitheliochorial placenta
51
how long does stage two of parturition last in the sow?
1-6 hours
52
how long does the average lactation last in the sow?
4 weeks
53
can you breed a sow while she is nursing?
no- anestrus
54
when are sows bred?
5 days after piglets removed at first postweaning estrus
55
what is the goal of breeding sows soon after the piglets are removed?
2 litters/sow/year
56
what does the swine cervix require for insemination?
specialized penis AI catheter
57
what is something that can externally be monitored for heat detection in swine?
vulva: significant changes seen in estrus and diestrus
58
how long is the estrous cycle of sows?
21 days
59
what is used to stimulate follicle growth?
gonadotropin use
60
what is used to modulate luteal function?
PGF2alpha
61
what is associated with a negative effect on ovulation rate and conception?
high temperature
62
what is the smallest accessory sex gland in the boar?
prostate gland
63
what does the bulbourethral gland produce?
large gel fraction of boar's semen
64
what does the preputial cavity of the boar collect?
urine semen other fluids harbors large bacterial population
65
what is the medial raphe in the boar testes and scrotum like?
prominent
66
what is the motility and morphology of boar semen like?
excellent
67
is the swine pregnancy dependent upon the corpus luteum for the whole time?
yes
68
when do swine embryos start to attach?
day 14
69
how common are stillbirths and mummies in swine parturition?
stillbirths common mummies may be seen in normal litters

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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