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Reproductive Pathophysiology > Section 1: Ovulation to Parturition > Flashcards

Section 1: Ovulation to Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

when does the zona pellucida surround the oocyte?

A

secondary follicle

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2
Q

is the primary follicle or primordial follicle more developed?

A

primary follicle more developed

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3
Q

female is born with a lifetime supply of ____________________________

A

primordial and primary follicles

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4
Q

what makes a follicle an antral follicle or a tertiary follicle?

A

has cavity filled with follicular fluid

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5
Q

what are the three distinct layers of antral follicles?

A

theca externa
theca interna
granulosa cell layer

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6
Q

how does a corpus hemorrhagicum form?

A

following ovulation of dominant antral follicle: antrum collapses and fills with blood

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7
Q

what cells in the corpus luteum produce progesterone?

A

granulosa cells/large luteal cells
theca interna cells/small luteal cells

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8
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

remnant of lysed corpus luteum

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9
Q

what is the neural control center for reproductive hormones?

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

what does the tonic center in the hypothalamus secrete?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
small pulses over a prolonged period of time

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11
Q

what is the surge center of the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

preovulatory release of gonadotropin releasing hormone

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12
Q

what does the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produce?

A

oxytocin

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13
Q

what does the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) release in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone?

A

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin

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14
Q

where does the paraventricular nucleus release oxytocin?

A

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): no portal system

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15
Q

how does the corpus luteum form?

A

luteinization

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16
Q

a cohort of small, antral follicles grow and produce estradiol and _________ in response to tonic levels of ______________

A

inhibin
FSH and LH

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17
Q

what is the point of deviation?

A

one or several (polyovulatory species) follicles become dominant of wave
rest of cohort undergoes atresia

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18
Q

what hormones are important in luteolysis?

A

PGF2alpha and oxytocin

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19
Q

in males, __________________________ is released from the hypothalamus every several hours in short, intermittent bursts

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

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20
Q

what stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone?

A

luteinizing hormone release

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21
Q

what organ is needed for luteolysis?

A

uterus

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22
Q

in whom may diestral ovulations in the face of high progesterone occur?

A

mare

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23
Q

what leads to the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone?

A

progesterone levels fall
estradiol reaches threshold level
surge of gonadotropin releasing hormone from surge center of hypothalamus

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24
Q

what ensures that a high proportion of PGF2alpha produced by the endometrium will be transported directly to the ovary and corpus luteum without being diluted in the systemic circulation?

A

vascular countercurrent exchange mechanism

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25
Q

what does luteolysis mark?

A

end of luteal phase
abrupt cessation of progesterone production and structural regression of the corpus luteum to form corpus albicans

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26
Q

what are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatocytogenesis
meiosis
spermiogenesis
spermiation

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27
Q

what happens in spermatocytogenesis?

A

spermatogonia undergo a series of mitotic divisions to become primary spermatocytes

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28
Q

what is produced in the meiosis step of spermatogenesis?

A

spermatids

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29
Q

what happens during spermiogenesis?

A

spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa

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30
Q

how long does spermatogenesis require?

A

5 to 9 weeks

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31
Q

true/false: spermatogenesis occurs in waves so that sperm is being continuously produced

A

true

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32
Q

when does maturation of the sperm occur?

A

as they travel the length of the convoluted tubule

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33
Q

once ovulated, how long do oocytes remain viable?

A

12 hours to a day or so

34
Q

where does fertilization take place?

A

ampulla of the oviduct

35
Q

how long does the fertilized oocyte remain in the oviduct before descending into the uterus?

A

days: 3-6

36
Q

how many sperm are ejaculated into the tract and how many reach the oviduct?

A

millions to billions
small percent: tens to hundreds

37
Q

what is the life span of sperm in the female tract?

A

48 hours

38
Q

sperm must undergo _____________ before they can fertilize the oocyte

A

capacitation

39
Q

what does capacitation involve?

A

loss of proteins from sperm plasma membrane that inhibit acrosome reaction

40
Q

when does capacitation occur?

A

within a few hours of contact with female tract

41
Q

what initiates the acrosome reaction in the sperm?

A

binding to zona pellucida

42
Q

what releases the acrosomal enzymes allowing the sperm to digest its way through the zona pellucida?

A

external plasma membrane of the sperm fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane

43
Q

what is the final step of fertilization?

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei and resulting zygote begins embryogenesis

44
Q

how do the ewe and cow prevent luteolysis and the initiation of a new cycle after fertilization?

A

blastocyst produces specific proteins in the interferon class

45
Q

what specific proteins does the blastocyst in the ewe and cow produce to prevent luteolysis after fertilization?

A

ovine trophoblastic protein 1: now ovine interferon tau
bovine trophoblastic protein 1: now bovine interferon tau

46
Q

what is produced in the sow to signal for maternal recognition of pregancy?

A

estradiol

47
Q

how does estradiol serve as the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?

A

reroutes PGF2alpha secretion away from the submucosal capillaries and toward the uterine lumen: little access to circulation

48
Q

how many stages of parturition are there?

A

three

49
Q

after the point of deviation, why does the rest of the cohort undergo atresia?

A

lack LH receptors and require FSH to grow
decreasing FSH concentrations

50
Q

how do high progesterone levels impact the preovulatory surge?

A

inhibit it: if during luteal phase

51
Q

how long does it take from initiation of spermatogenesis until those sperm appear in the ejaculate?

A

average of two months

52
Q

there must be at least ___________________ present in each horn of the uterus in the sow for pregnancy to be maintained

A

two conceptuses

53
Q

why is “attachment” the preferred term for placentation in domestic species?

A

chorion of fetal membranes attach to endometrium, do not implant

54
Q

what do chorionic villi do?

A

interdigitate with maternal endometrium to form placenta

55
Q

the trophoblast of the conceptus differentiates to form the chorion, which later fuses with the allantois to form the ____________________

A

chorioallantois

56
Q

what does it mean for a placenta to be epitheliochorial?

A

maternal endometrial epithelium intact and in contact with chorionic villi

57
Q

what does it mean for a placenta to be endotheliochorial?

A

maternal endometrial epithelium is completely eroded to the maternal capillaries are in direct contact with the chorionic villi

58
Q

what does it mean for a placenta to be hemochorial?

A

maternal endothelium is eroded and the chorionic villi are bathed directly in maternal pools of blood

59
Q

who has binucleate giant cells in their placenta?

A

ruminants

60
Q

what type of placenta do ruminants have?

A

synepitheliochorial

61
Q

what produces pregnancy associated glycoproteins in ruminants?

A

binucleate giant cells

62
Q

what is the “progesterone block”?

A

inhibits myometrial contractions

63
Q

which species require corpus luteum progesterone production for the entire gestational period (CL-dependent species)?

A

cow
sow
doe
bitch
llama/alpaca

64
Q

what are some hormones of placental origin found in some species, but not others?

A

placental lactogen
relaxin

65
Q

what triggers the onset of parturition?

A

fetus: ACTH released from fetal anterior pituitary

66
Q

what does ACTH from the fetal anterior pituitary cause?

A

cortisol release from fetal adrenal gland

67
Q

what lyses the corpus luteum of pregnancy?

A

PGF2alpha

68
Q

what is stage 1 of parturition?

A

initiation of myometrial contractions
positioning of fetus for birth
ends with dilation of cervix

69
Q

what is stage 2 of parturition?

A

expulsion of fetus from birth canal
hallmark is abdominal press presence

70
Q

what is stage 3 of parturition?

A

expulsion of placenta

71
Q

what will happen to a primary follicle?

A

develop into secondary follicle or degenerate

72
Q

what is the graffian follicle?

A

when tertiary follicle becomes dominant follicle

73
Q

what is the theca interna?

A

loose connective tissue surrounding the follicle

74
Q

what protrudes into the pituitary stalk region known as the median eminence?

A

axons of neurons in the tonic and surge centers

75
Q

what happens in proestrus?

A

formation of ovulatory follicles
estrogen secretion

76
Q

what does the preovulatory LH surge coincide closely with?

A

onset of behavioral estrus due to high estrogen/low progesterone levels

77
Q

how long after the preovulatory LH surge does ovulation occur in most species?

A

24-36 hours

78
Q

what are the four stages of spermatogenesis (names of sperm precursors) that occur in the testes?

A

spermatogonia
spermatocytes
spermatids
spermatozoa

79
Q

how does pregnancy recognition work?

A

interferes with action of PGF2alpha on corpus luteum lysis

80
Q

what are the functions of progesterone?

A

stimulates secretion by endometrial glands
inhibits myometrial contractions
stimulates closure of cervix
helps maintain immunologically favored environment of fetus
associated with changes in blood flow and metabolism

Reproductive Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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