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Nutrition > Section 4: Feeding Management of Horses (Warren) > Flashcards

Section 4: Feeding Management of Horses (Warren) Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage breakdown of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine for horses

A

stomach: 8%
small intestine: 30%
large intestine: 62%

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2
Q

fxs of stomach

A
  • start protein digestion
  • mechanical churning
  • NO absorption
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3
Q

2 parts of stomach

A
  • non-glandular (esophageal region)

- glandular (cardiac, fundic, pyloric regions)

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4
Q

secretions of glandular stomach

A

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus

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5
Q

fxs of SI

A
  • enzymatic digestion of starch protein, fat

- absorption of sugars, aa, NEFA, vits/mins

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6
Q

fxs of LI

A

microbes for fiber digestion

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7
Q

4 segments of LI

A

cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum

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8
Q

non-digestible carb

A

lignin

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9
Q

insoluble fibers. How are these digested?

A

hemicellulose, cellulose, ligno-cellulose. slowly fermented in LI –> acetate, butyrate

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10
Q

Resistant starches and soluble fibers. How are these digested?

A

fructans, pectins, gums, micilages, galactans. Rapidly fermented in LI –> lactate, propionate

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11
Q

how are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, starches digested?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis in SI –> glucose

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12
Q

NDF

A

neutral detergent fiber. Comprised of insoluble fiber and lignin

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13
Q

see table top of slide 3

A

:)

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14
Q

5 common digestion disorders

A

1) impaction
2) gas build-up
3) hindgut acidosis
4) laminitis
5) gastric ulcers

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15
Q

impaction is caused by:

A

blockage in intestines, usually at sternal/pelvic flexures or ileocecal jx

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16
Q

normal products of microbial digestion of fiber in LI

A

VFA, B-vits, vit K, heat, gas

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17
Q

what happens in gas build-up? What is produced?

A

rate of gas prod. exceeds rate of gas removal with rapid fermentation of NSC (non-structurable carb). lactic acid, drop in pH, lots of gas produced.

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18
Q

gas build-up can secondarily cause:

A

colic, stomach rupture, torsion/displacement of intestine

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19
Q

hindgut acidosis

A

low pH in hindgut due to lactic acid prod. from rapid ferm. of NSC. Results in:

  • microbe death
  • endotoxins/inflamatory mediators –>diarrhea, laminitis
  • metabolic changes
  • reduced gastric motility –> colic
  • reduced digestive efficiency
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20
Q

laminitis

A

disruption of intricate network of blood supply to feet. Can be caused by nutrition and other factors

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21
Q

founder

A

can happen secondarily to laminitis from tendons pulling up and weight of horse pushing down

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22
Q

nutrition-related laminitis is probably due to:

A

excess NSC intake. Causes metabolic aberrations and hidgut acidosis

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23
Q

most common site of gastric ulcers

A

non-glandular mucosa b/c it doesn’t have protective mechs from HCl prod. by gland. mucosa

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24
Q

Correct way to feed horses

A
  • majority of diet = roughages (high fiber, energy, protein)
  • small, frequent meals
  • don’t overfeed NSC
  • high quality protein sources
  • gradual changes to diet
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25
Q

most starch comes from:

A

grains (i.e.oats, corn)

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26
Q

limit for starch digestion in SI

A

0.3% BW as starch per meal, and 0.5% BW as grain per meal

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27
Q

does microbial protein have value to horse?

A

NO. It needs to be met by diet

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28
Q

good sources of protein

A

soybean meal, skim milk, whey, casein

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29
Q

cool season grasses

A

timothy, orchardgrass, fescue, bromegrass

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30
Q

warm season grasses

A

bermudagrass, bahia, stargrass, pangolagrass

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31
Q

3 main forages used to feed horses

A

grass, legume, hay. Grass highest fiber, legume highest protein and Ca

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32
Q

legumes are high in:

A

protein, N, Ca

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33
Q

What is straw very high in?

A

fiber. Low in basically everything else

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34
Q

nutrient content depends on:

A

1) type of forage

2) stage of maturity

35
Q

increasing plant maturity –> nutrient content

A

decreases. (i.e. crude protein, calories, minerals)

36
Q

increasing plant maturity –> fiber content

A

increases

37
Q

How to select a high-quality forage

A

-cut at mid-maturity
-lots of leaves
-not rotten
-green
+/- lab analysis

38
Q

When should concentrates be included in diet? *

A

only when forage alone will not meet all nutrient requirements

39
Q

concentrate def.

A

a feedstuff or mixture of feedstuffs that provide a more concentrated source of nutrients than forage

40
Q

Horses that likely need concentrates

A
  • growing
  • pregnant/lactating
  • exercise
  • need to gain weight
  • fed poor quality forage
41
Q

most common cereal grains

A

oats, corn, barley

42
Q

are cereal grains higher or lower in DE, starch than roughages?

A

higher

43
Q

nutritional disadvantage of cereal grains

A

not well balanced, so you need to add additional protein, vits, mins

44
Q

commercial feed

A

a fortified feed containing a mixture of feedstuffs

45
Q

primary ingredients of commercial feeds

A

1) cereal grains
2) grain byproducts
3) protein feedstuffs
4) vit/min premix

other potential ingredients:

1) add. fat source
2) add. fiber source

46
Q

what percent fat is considered high in horses?

A

8-10%

47
Q

“fat-added” feeds have >__% crude fat?

A

5%

48
Q

benefit of fat-added feeds

A

good for horses that require a lot of concentrate; reduces intake of starch

49
Q

fiber-added feeds have >__% crude fiber?

A

9%

50
Q

benefit of fiber-added feeds

A

good for horses that don’t need a lot of extra calories or those sensitive to starch

51
Q

protein in cereal grains is similar to:

A

grass hays

52
Q

Which has most DE? oats, barley, corn, or grain mix

A

corn

53
Q

Which has most protein? oats, barley, corn, or grain mix

A

grain mix

54
Q

“Complete feeds” contain: *

A

forage, grain, protein, vits/mins. Must have a minimum of 18% crude fiber **

55
Q

commercial feeds are sold based on:

A

crude protein content

56
Q

selection of feed should be based on:

A

1) type of forage

2) requirements of horse

57
Q

which is most digestible: textured, pellets, or extruded feed?

A

extruded

58
Q

which vitamins are not made by horse? **

A

A and E

59
Q

primary minerals of concern in horses:

A

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Cu, Zn, Se

60
Q

T or F: EVERY horse needs free-choice access to a source of salt *

A

T

61
Q

a complete mineral/vitamin supplement contains:

A

micro/macro minerals, vit. A,D,E

62
Q

Probably need complete min/vit supplement when feeding:

A

all-forage diet, unfortified grains/forage, or <5lb. fortified commercial diet

63
Q

horse “at maintenance” is:

A

sedentary, non-growing, non-pregnant, non-lactating

64
Q

how to feed maintenance horses

A
  • forage
  • complete vit/min supplement
  • concentrate PRN
  • salt/water free-choice
65
Q

ideal BCS of maintenance, working, and broodmares

A

maintenance/working:5-6

broodmares: 6-7

66
Q

nutrients most affected by exercise

A
  • water
  • energy
  • electrolytes (NaCl, K)
  • vit E
67
Q

how to feed working horses

A
  • forage
  • commercial fortified concentrate
  • salt and water free-choice
68
Q

why BCS 6-7 for broodmares?

A
  • promote conception
  • won’t cause dystocia
  • body stores for lactation
69
Q

how to feed early gestation (1-6 mo.) horse

A

-similar to maintenance horse unless being worked or nursing

70
Q

how to feed late gestation (7-11 mo.) horse

A
  • good quality forage
  • commercial fortified conc.
  • salt/H2O
  • moderate increases in DE, protein, Ca, P, and TM requirements
71
Q

what stage of production cycle are broodmares bred?

A

2 mo. after foaling

72
Q

what nutrient requirements increase during lactation?

A

DE (80%), protein (140%), Ca(200%), P(150%), TM (25%)

73
Q

what to feed during lactation

A
  • forage
  • commercial fort. conc.
  • salt/h2O
74
Q

What life stage horse has the greatest nutrient requirements?

A

growing horses. Also have small GI tract, so need nutrient dense feed!

75
Q

nutritional causes of developmental orthopedic dz *

A
  • unsteady, interrupted growth rate
  • excess energy
  • Ca, P, Cu, Zn deficiency
  • excess Ca and protein do NOT cause it!
76
Q

benefit of creep feeding

A

allows foals to seek out their own food source w/o mare’s access

77
Q

when does mare’s milk not meet all of foal’s needs?

A

2mo.

78
Q

when should you start feeding foal solid food?

A

2 wks

79
Q

what to feed weanlings? (2yo)

A
  • forage
  • comm. forti. conc. (decreasing with age)
  • salt/H2O free choice
80
Q

upper end of horse’s DM intake

A

2.5-3% BW/day

81
Q

minimum forage to feed, in general

A

1% BW (ideally feed 1.5%)

82
Q

max. feed concentrate per meal:

A

0.5% BW per meal

83
Q

why should you not mix unfortified grains with commercial feeds?

A

dilutes fortification

84
Q

as horses age, there is a slight reduction in the digestion of:

A

fiber, protein, phosporus

Nutrition (16 decks)

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