Chapter 5: Nutrient Requirements (Hill)

Question 1

optimum performance occurs: *

Answer 1

in the plateau between the “goal posts”

Question 2

How have most minima been established? *

Answer 2

by using growth as a parameter of performance

Question 3

5 things that can inhibit absorption of trace minerals *

Answer 3

Ca, fiber, phytate, soy protein, tannins. Therefore, diets that contain more of these must contain higher concentrations of trace minerals to compensate

Question 4

minimum protein requirement is often higher/lower than in young adult dogs

Answer 4

higher

Question 5

NRC recommendations are based on:

Answer 5

• assumed purified ingredients

- min. req. based on deprivation and toxicity studies

Question 6

AAFCO recommendations are based on:

Answer 6

• assumed normal pet food ingredients (non-purified)
• minimums increased from NRC recs
• primarily min. reqs.

Question 7

Minimum requirement (MR) *

Answer 7

minimal concentration/amount of bioavailable nutrient that will support a defined physiological state (“demonstrated not to have problems”)

Question 8

Adequate Intake (AI) *

Answer 8

concentration/amt. of a nutrient which have been demonstrated to support a defined phys. state when no MR has been demonstrated (“we don’t know but this amount didn’t have problems”)

Question 9

recommended allowance (RA) *

Answer 9

conc./amt. of a nutrient in a diet formulated to support a defined physiological state. (MR or AI) + Safety factor

Question 10

safe upper limit (SUL) *

Answer 10

maximal concentration/amt. of a nutrient that has not been assoc. with adverse effects. May or may not be demonstrated

Question 11

amount per kg and amt. per 1000 kcal ME (2 methods of presenting requirements) are/are not comparable when energy density changes

Answer 11

are not

Question 12

3 methods of presenting nutritional requirements *

Answer 12

1) per kg diet
2) per 1000 kcal ME (best method!) **
3) per kg W^0.75 (dogs) or per kg W^0.75 (cats)

1 and 2 not comparable in different physiological states

Question 13

T or F: large dogs have similar requirements as small dogs relative to metabolic body weight

Answer 13

T. (except for Ca in large growing dogs)

Question 14

low/moderate/high fat as %ME

Answer 14

low: 40% ME

Question 15

very low/low/mod/high protein as %ME

Answer 15

very low: 30

Question 16

u/d and s/d diets have very low:

Answer 16

protein, phosphorus

Question 17

safety factor *

Answer 17

amt. that needs to be in the food to meet requirements

Question 18

Important ratios *

Answer 18

• Ca:P
• Vit. E: unsaturated fat (E keets fat from oxidizing)
• n3:n6 fats
• Cations: anions (more anions = more acid in urine)

Question 19

There is no SUL for *

Answer 19

Mg. In cats, urine pH more important. In dogs, struvite caused by infections

Question 20

3 things that increase absorption of trace minerals *

Answer 20

meat poultry, fish, vit. C

Question 21

How can you maintain nutrient intake as energy intake decreases?

Answer 21

increase nutrient density

Question 22

illness/physiological stress –> goal posts

Answer 22

can alter their location/range

Question 23

T or F: digestibility and availability vary little except in what kind of diets?

Answer 23

high fiber, generic diets