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Nutrition > Chapter 8 (pt.1): Other Nutrients (Hill) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (pt.1): Other Nutrients (Hill) Flashcards

0
Q

shock from water in dogs cats

A

50 in cat 90 in dog ml/kg/hr for 1 hr

puppies and kittens: double adult requirement

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1
Q

water maintenance for dogs and cats

A

1ml/lb/hr or 50ml/kg/day for dogs and cats

assumes ~ 1/2 ml/lb/hr insensible losses and ~1/2 ml/lb/hr urine production

increases with activity ~ 1ml/kcal is good estimate for all species

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2
Q

rehydration

A

~2-5 x maintenance for 24-48 hours

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3
Q

minerals

A

carefully regulated so changes in blood concentration of nutrients are frequently associated with metabolic disease and not nutrient deficiencies.

blood concentrations of nutrients can be normal in the face of severe nutritional depletion

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4
Q

what minerals are deficient in Fl forages

A

Zn, Cu and Selenium

manganese might be as well but hard to test

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5
Q

are mineral and vitamin supplements necessary in cats and dogs?

A

no not if they are on a standard commercial diet

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6
Q

incipient

A

active ingredient

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7
Q

excipient

A

binders, colorants, palatability enhancer like protein and fat

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8
Q

home cooked diets require supplementation with:

A

multivitamin/trace minerals
calcium
phosphorus

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9
Q

Ca and P sources

A

legumes contain adequate Ca

cereal grains and grass hays need Ca supplementation

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10
Q

where can you get Calcium carbonate

A

limestone

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11
Q

where can you get calcium phosphate

A

bone meal

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12
Q

where can you get Ca acetate

A

“phoslo” a very soluble and potent phosphate binder

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13
Q

Ca and P requirements

A

they are the principle components of ash in guaranteed analysis
Ca: P ratio should be between 1:1 and 2:1

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14
Q

when are abnormalities of blood calcium seen?

A

Ca and P are well regulated and bone stores are large so the only time you should see abnormalities are associated with disease

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15
Q

Eclampsia

A

hypocalcemia observed in dogs around parturtiion leading to tetanus, seizures and poor uterine contraction, and prolong QT interval on EKG

tx: 10% Ca gluconate and stop pups from suckling

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16
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

signs of deficiency are primarily associated with bone resorption (Rickets)

dogs and cats fed all meat diets may receive little Ca and get nutritional hyperparathryoidism and osteoporosis.

lack of natural sunlight and subsequent hypovitaminosis D results in nutritional hyperparathyroidism in REPTILES

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17
Q

P deficiency

A

hypophosphatemia is primarily observed in starved animals following the reintroduction of food or in diabetics.

signs: low ATP, hi red cell fragility, anemia, hemorrhage and neurological signs

–> insulin causes increased use of P for the phosphorylated intermediates of glycolysis so incipient hypophosphatemia can exacerbate too rapid administrationof glucose or insulin

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18
Q

when are abnormalities of blood Na and K usually seen?

A

they are well regulated and usually only associated with disease

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19
Q

Salt deficiency

A

absence of salt in diet can cause: low palatability and appetitie, low growth and low efficiency of feed utilization

signs: hyponatremia includes nausea, inappetence, if rapid in onset can cause osmotic swelling of hte brain and may cause neurologic signs similar to salt poisoning

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20
Q

salt toxicity

A

salt poisoning (pigs) and hypernatremia and hyperosmolality (dogs) can occur if water is restricted following feeding of high salt diets

signs: neurological. the brain becomes hyperosmotic so that it attracts water by osmosis and swells when drinking resumes

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21
Q

hypokalemia

A

signs are of irregular cardiac rhythm, flat T waves and in cats muscle weakness, persistent ventroflexion of the neck, increased CPK.

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22
Q

in what animal and condition is hypokalemia common?

A

in cats with renal failure because of increased renal losses

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23
Q

hyperkalemia

A

usually secondary to metabolic disease
- ace inhibitors with excess intake

signs: muscle weakness, irregular cardiac rhythm, peaked T waves, prolonged QRS and PR intervals

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24
Q

sulfur sources

A

sulfur containing amino acids (methionine, cystine, taurine)

vitamins (thiamin, biotin)

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25
Q

sulfur requirements

A

ruminants require sulfur for protein synthesis when urea is used as nitrogen source. excess contributes to inhibition of Cu absorption

birds use sulfate to synthesize taurine

sheep wool contains substantial amounts of sulfur

sulfur plays a role in large intestinal fermentation

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26
Q

Fe sources

A

iron filings: <1% absorbed

iron oxide (rust) is used as a red colorant and causes red stool if included in too great an excess

ferrous sulfate and ferrous carbonate (both 10 - 20% absorbable)

haem iron: 30 - 50% available

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27
Q

which minerals compete for absorption sites

A

Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Cd

Cu-M, Z, Co, Cd <– sounds funny - a way to remember?

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28
Q

which is more absorable: ferrous (Fe 2+) or ferric (Fe3+)?

A

ferrous (Fe2+)

29
Q

what promotes absorption?

A

reducing agents (like ascorbic acid)

30
Q

when is absorption increased? decreased?

A

increased = deficient animals

decreased = replete animals

31
Q

what inhibits absorption

A

phytates and vegetable proteins inhibit absorption

like soy protein or fiber

32
Q

what are some iron containing compounds?

A

oxygen carriers: hemoglobin and myoglobin

oxidation-reduction enzymes: cytochromes

transport: transferrin
storage: ferritin, hemosiderin

33
Q

Fe deficiency

A

signs: microcytic hypochromic anemia, thrombocytosis

primarily due to chronic blood loss (think parasites)

-young kittens exhibit evidence of iron deficiency

34
Q

hemochromatosis

A

found in: mynahs, birds of paradise and toucans

signs: mostly seocndary to accumulation of Fe in the liver causing fibrosis, hepatomegaly, ascites, weight loss and dyspnea, hi liver enzymes
tx: symptomatic or phlebotomy

35
Q

iodine: function

A

exclusively in thyroid hormones

36
Q

iodine sources

A

deficiency is observed where soils are deficient in center of continents away from sea

  • seaweed and kelp contain large amounts
  • eggs and milk
  • cereal and muscle contain a little
37
Q

iodine content in pet foods

A

is unknown and possibly of wide variation. this has led to the hypothesis that oscillating exposure to iodine may contribute to the induction of hyperthyroidism in cats

38
Q

iodine deficiency

A
  • goiter
  • deficiency of intake like in seed eating birds

signs: decreased metabolic rate, growth, poor hair coat, decreased reproduction

39
Q

iodine toxicity

A

suppresses thyroid acitvity and also causes goiter

40
Q

Cu sources

A

most foods but especially legumes and shell fish

Cu sulfate and Cu oxide are added to pet foods

41
Q

Cu absorption

A

Zn and Cd compete with Cu in binding of metallothionein

transport in plasma bound to ceruloplasmin

thiomolybdates and phytates inhibit absorption

liver is main storage organ

42
Q

what inhibits Cu absorption

A

phytates and thiomolybdates

43
Q

Cu function:

A
  • hemoglobin synthesis
  • melanin formation
  • crosslinking collagen and elastin in CT
  • formation of tight junctions
  • myelin formation
44
Q

Cu deficiency

A

may cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats fed Cu oxide instead of Cu sulfate

45
Q

signs of Cu deficiency

A
  • microcytic anemia
  • ataxia in lambs
  • cardiomyopathy
  • lack of pigmentation causing grey spectacles around the eyes
46
Q

Cu toxicity

A

cattle and sheep exposed to contaminated pastures accumulate Cu in the liver which is rapidly released during stress to produce an acute hemolytic crisis, anemia and hemoglobinuria.

  • keep Cu <100ppm
  • avoid using non-ruminant blocks for small ruminants because sheep are very sensitive to Cu poisoning
47
Q

Wilson’s disease or hepatic copper toxicosis: seen in what breed

A

Bedlington terriers
- genetic defect of Cu metabolism

tx: d-penicillamine which chelates copper and Zn sulfate wwhich competes with Cu for absorption

48
Q

Zn sources

A

shell fish, meat, leafy vegetables and whole grains

less available in cereal grains

refined carbs are poor sources

49
Q

Zn absorption

A

inhibited by phytates, soybean meal, Ca

competition between Zn and Cu

50
Q

Zn functions:

A

metalloenzymes

stabilizing membranes

51
Q

Zn deficiency in dogs

A

fed high fiber, high Ca generic dog foods

huskies, malamutes, and rapidly growing dogs until puberty develop hyperkeratotic plaques around mucocutaneous junctions which respond to Zn supplementation

52
Q

signs of Zn deficiency

A
  • poor apetite, low growth, poor bone, egg shell and feather formation
  • poor fertility and small testicles
  • parakeratosis
  • decreased immune funciton
53
Q

Zn toxicity

A
  • hemolytic anemia is described in dogs which have swallowed pennies minted after 1983 because they are mostly Zn.

can cause acute pancreatitis

54
Q

Molybdneum sources

A

legumes and cereals

liver, kidney and milk

55
Q

excess Molybdenum and signs of it

A

interferes with Cu and Su metabolism

signs: anorexia and weight loss, diarrhea and poor reproduction

56
Q

molbdenum function via metalloenzymes

A

xanthine oxidase

hydroxylases

57
Q

Manganese sources

A

manganese sulfate and oxide

58
Q

manganese function

A

mucopolysaccharide synthesis

enzymes pyruvate carboxylase (glycolysis) and superoxide dismutase

59
Q

manganese deficiency

A

rare except for chicken

will get perosis or “slipped tendon” when Achilles’ tendons slips off its condyle

low growth, bone malformation, curvature of spine and swollen joints

60
Q

Selenium sources

A

soil via plants

hi in meat and fish

AAFCO min should be increased because of low bioavailability

61
Q

Selenium function

A

antioxidant in conjunction with vitamin E

62
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

lambs, calves and foals: white muscle disease

pigs: liver necrosis, and mulberry heart disease
poultry: exudative diathesis

63
Q

Selenium toxicity

A

when > 5ppm

acute: respiratory distress, diarrhea, death
subacute: “blind staggers” - stumbling paralysis, impaired vision, abdominal pain, etc.
chronic: “alkali disease” - low vitality, loss of hair, sloughing of hooves, lameness, etc.

64
Q

Cobalt metabolism

A
  • essential part of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

- B12 synthesized from cobalt by intestinal bacteria in ruminants

65
Q

cobalt deficiency

A

common on certain pastures in Florida

causes unthriftiness, lacrimation, anemia

66
Q

Cobalt supplementation

A

not needed in monogastrics

feed Co containing mineral blocks designed for ruminants

67
Q

Chromium sources

A

whole grains, spices, stainless steel

dairy products and veg. sources are low

68
Q

function of chromium

A

insulin potentiation

69
Q

Vanadium function

A

mimics action of insulin, affects iodine (thyroid) metabolism

Nutrition (16 decks)

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