Chapter 3a/b: Energy/Amt. to Feed & Feeding for Different Life Stages (Hill) Flashcards
Are dogs bulk limited? *
No. They are designed to eat large, infrequent meals
energy budget is comprised of: *
energy in: metabolizable energy in food
energy out: requirements under different conditions
3 methods to determine how much to feed. Which is best for estimating energy needs of an individual animal? *
1) a good diet history: multiply energy density of each ingredient by amt. eaten and total (best)
2) calculation from BW (calculate MER of an average animal)
3) look at package
requirement = *
energy density (kcal/g) x amount fed (g)
cans, cups, or g/day to feed = *
avg. maintenance energy requirement (kcal/day)/ energy density (kcal/can or cup or g)
energy required for maintenance of body weight can vary by up to __% of mean? *
40%
When should you use a calculation from BW to determine how much to feed? *
- when introducing new food
- inappetant or obese patients
- hospitalized patients
main problem of using a calculation to determine how much to feed *
only gives a mean of a population, not a measure of INDIVIDUAL requirement
label reccomendations are based on: *
a calculation of population mean. Not necessarily accurate for the individual
DER = **
daily energy requirement. Includes growth/production
MER = **
maintenance energy requirement = DER - energy needed for production/growth. Amount of energy necessary to maintain equilibrium over a length of time.
RFMR = **
resting fed metabolic rate (aka resting energy requirement (RER) or resting energy expenditure (REE)?). Same as basal metabolic rate but not post-absorptive. How much to feed a dog in a cage
BMR = **
basal metabolic rate. Energy required to maintain homeostasis/minimal metabolism when p is postabsorptive, awake, lying down, in thermoneutral unstressed environment
thermonuetral environment *
env. where animal doesn’t have to expend energy to stay warm or cold
Does REE directly relate to body weight? *
No. Increasing energy requirements more directly related to increasing body surface area
REE = *
resting energy requirement. Doesn’t have a solid definition. Doesn’t distinguish whether they’ve been fed or not
BMR (REE?) = (equation) *****
70 x W(kg)^0.75 kcal/day. A REE equation across species
REE = (equation) *****
70 + 30 x W(kg) kcal/day. A STRAIGHT LINE APPROXIMATION. only works well for animals 8-20kg
metabolic body weight = *
W(kg) ^.75 = ((W^3)^.5)^.5 = sq. root. of sg. root.of W^3
factors that affect energy requirements *
growth, pregnancy, lactation, work, neutered,age, breed, etc.
dietary thermogenesis and equation *
energy used for assimilation of food. = RFMR - BMR
Has 2 components:
1) excitement component: energy from seeing food
2) energy from assimilation of food
dietary thermogenesis is highest for protein/fat/carbs? *
protein
dietary therm. is similar/dissimilar for enteral or parenteral nutrition? *
similar
standing = BMR x ___ *
1.5 (energy requirement increases about 50% just by standing up)
energy from running is proportional to: *
distance traveled, NOT speed
thermoneutral zone of adult dogs *
20-35 degrees
therm. zone of huskies *
<0
therm. zone of newborn puppies *
30
therm. zone of adult cats *
30-38
mean BMR for dogs *
76
mean RFMR for dogs *
84
mean MER for dogs *
130 (goes up with increased exercise)
T or F: cats lose energy requirements as they get older *
FALSE. some may MORE energy as they get older!
T or F: dogs lose energy requirements with age *
T
breed with higher MER *
great danes
breed with lower MER *
huskies, corgis, newfoundlands
spay/neuter –> appetite, MER *
appetite increases, MER decreases. However, affect is uncertain because these things may be affected by decrease in LBM
Is energy use related to lean body mass or BW? *
LBM
How to calculate ideal BW before estimating MER in obese patients? *
current weight x 100/(100+% overweight)
% overweight is found by adding 10-15% for each BCS point above 5/9
stress/disease –> energy needs *
increases. Increases most for sepsis
daily ME requirements for adult cats at maintenance ***
about 200 (100-300) kcal/day. Neutered cats should be 30% less
MER equation *
factor x REE = 1.3 to 2 x 70 x W^0.75
How much to feed during pregnancy of bitch? *
1st 5-6 weeks: no increase in weight: no additional food needed
last 3-4 weeks: increase intake 10-15% /wk
cats gain weight throughout pregnancy, whereas dogs only gain weight in last 3-4 weeks *
:)
food requirement of lactating bitch/queen varies with: *
litter size (peak»_space; 3-4xMER)
ME requirement for lactation in bitches *
145 x W^0.75 + W(24n +12m) x L
bitch milk vs. cow milk *
- has 1.5 kcal ME/mL (about 2x caloric density of cow’s milk)
- increased protein, fat, calcium
- decreased lactose
- antibodies not passed via placenta: colostrum very important!
orphan rearing: how much to feed? *
25kcal/100g BW
15% of BW/d during first week, then 25% BW/d
When to introduce canned food to pups/kittens? *
3 weeks. Wean pups at 6-8 wks or later
rapid growth increases risk of ____ in large breed dogs *
hip dysplasia
large/small breed dogs take longer to reach mature weight? *
large
puppy protein requirements by age *
greater before 14 wks, then decrease. No supplements are necessary!
MER of half grown pups *
200-250 x W^0.75
MER of >3 mo. old pups *
same total as parents
amt. of what mineral very important in growing Danes? Optimum amount to feed? *
Calcium. Feed 1% DM or 2-4g/1000 kcal. More will cause osteochondrosis, less causes osteoporosis. Ca/P less important.
kittens should increase by how much weight/week? *
~100g/week
when do kittens reach adult weight? *
1-2 yrs
kittens have an increased ____ requirement *
protein. No need to add more though! diet is balanced
interspecies BMR *
70 x W^0.75
dog MER *
70-1000xW^0.75
cat MER *
100-300 kcal/day
T or F: dogs lose all extra weight immediately after parturition *
T
T or F: cats lose all extra weight immediately after parturition
F. Only 40% lost at part. remaining 60% lost during early lactation
what things is energy used for?
basal metabolism (50-90%) dietary thermogenesis heat of fermentation maint. of body temp. stress/dz activity product formation
fat uses more/less energy than lean tissue *
less
refeeding syndrome
condition in malnourished dogs fed too many calories
individual MER can be __% above or bellow the mean MER
50%
poililotherms require/more less energy than endoderms
less. Fish least of all!
fetal growth in bitches only significant during ____ part of pregnancy
last third
when in queen’s peak lactation?
7-8 weeks post partum
when in bitch’s peak lactation?
3-4 wks post-partum
epidermal growth factor
component of breat milk that may influence development of puppy intestine. Another reason you should not wean early.
orphan feeding protocol *
feed every 2-4 hrs first day. Then reduce graudally to 4x/day. Feed when crying; don’t wake to feed. Keep pups warm and moist. Warm milk replacer to body temp before feeding.
T or F: total energy intake of pups at 3 mo. and 18 mos. is about the same
T
Puppy growth is proportional to:
size of adult
T or F: restricted food intake doesn’t affect final height, length, bone size, or muscle mass
T
rickets occurs when Ca < ____
0.% DM (1.4mg/kcal)
Mean daily metabolizable energy intake of kittens peaks at what age?
10 wks
