Chapter 3a/b: Energy/Amt. to Feed & Feeding for Different Life Stages (Hill)

Question 1

Are dogs bulk limited? *

Answer 1

No. They are designed to eat large, infrequent meals

Question 2

energy budget is comprised of: *

Answer 2

energy in: metabolizable energy in food

energy out: requirements under different conditions

Question 3

3 methods to determine how much to feed. Which is best for estimating energy needs of an individual animal? *

Answer 3

1) a good diet history: multiply energy density of each ingredient by amt. eaten and total (best)
2) calculation from BW (calculate MER of an average animal)
3) look at package

Question 4

requirement = *

Answer 4

energy density (kcal/g) x amount fed (g)

Question 5

cans, cups, or g/day to feed = *

Answer 5

avg. maintenance energy requirement (kcal/day)/ energy density (kcal/can or cup or g)

Question 6

energy required for maintenance of body weight can vary by up to __% of mean? *

Answer 6

40%

Question 7

When should you use a calculation from BW to determine how much to feed? *

Answer 7

• when introducing new food
• inappetant or obese patients
• hospitalized patients

Question 8

main problem of using a calculation to determine how much to feed *

Answer 8

only gives a mean of a population, not a measure of INDIVIDUAL requirement

Question 9

label reccomendations are based on: *

Answer 9

a calculation of population mean. Not necessarily accurate for the individual

Question 10

DER = **

Answer 10

daily energy requirement. Includes growth/production

Question 11

MER = **

Answer 11

maintenance energy requirement = DER - energy needed for production/growth. Amount of energy necessary to maintain equilibrium over a length of time.

Question 12

RFMR = **

Answer 12

resting fed metabolic rate (aka resting energy requirement (RER) or resting energy expenditure (REE)?). Same as basal metabolic rate but not post-absorptive. How much to feed a dog in a cage

Question 13

BMR = **

Answer 13

basal metabolic rate. Energy required to maintain homeostasis/minimal metabolism when p is postabsorptive, awake, lying down, in thermoneutral unstressed environment

Question 14

thermonuetral environment *

Answer 14

env. where animal doesn’t have to expend energy to stay warm or cold

Question 15

Does REE directly relate to body weight? *

Answer 15

No. Increasing energy requirements more directly related to increasing body surface area

Question 16

REE = *

Answer 16

resting energy requirement. Doesn’t have a solid definition. Doesn’t distinguish whether they’ve been fed or not

Question 17

BMR (REE?) = (equation) *****

Answer 17

70 x W(kg)^0.75 kcal/day. A REE equation across species

Question 18

REE = (equation) *****

Answer 18

70 + 30 x W(kg) kcal/day. A STRAIGHT LINE APPROXIMATION. only works well for animals 8-20kg

Question 19

metabolic body weight = *

Answer 19

W(kg) ^.75 = ((W^3)^.5)^.5 = sq. root. of sg. root.of W^3

Question 20

factors that affect energy requirements *

Answer 20

growth, pregnancy, lactation, work, neutered,age, breed, etc.

Question 21

dietary thermogenesis and equation *

Answer 21

energy used for assimilation of food. = RFMR - BMR

Has 2 components:

1) excitement component: energy from seeing food
2) energy from assimilation of food

Question 22

dietary thermogenesis is highest for protein/fat/carbs? *

Answer 22

protein

Question 23

dietary therm. is similar/dissimilar for enteral or parenteral nutrition? *

Answer 23

similar

Question 24

standing = BMR x ___ *

Answer 24

1.5 (energy requirement increases about 50% just by standing up)

Question 25

energy from running is proportional to: *

Answer 25

distance traveled, NOT speed

Question 26

thermoneutral zone of adult dogs *

Answer 26

20-35 degrees

Question 27

therm. zone of huskies *

Answer 27

<0

Question 28

therm. zone of newborn puppies *

Answer 28

30

Question 29

therm. zone of adult cats *

Answer 29

30-38

Question 30

mean BMR for dogs *

Answer 30

76

Question 31

mean RFMR for dogs *

Answer 31

84

Question 32

mean MER for dogs *

Answer 32

130 (goes up with increased exercise)

Question 33

T or F: cats lose energy requirements as they get older *

Answer 33

FALSE. some may MORE energy as they get older!

Question 34

T or F: dogs lose energy requirements with age *

Answer 34

T

Question 35

breed with higher MER *

Answer 35

great danes

Question 36

breed with lower MER *

Answer 36

huskies, corgis, newfoundlands

Question 37

spay/neuter --> appetite, MER *

Answer 37

appetite increases, MER decreases. However, affect is uncertain because these things may be affected by decrease in LBM

Question 38

Is energy use related to lean body mass or BW? *

Answer 38

LBM

Question 39

How to calculate ideal BW before estimating MER in obese patients? *

Answer 39

current weight x 100/(100+% overweight) | % overweight is found by adding 10-15% for each BCS point above 5/9

Question 40

stress/disease --> energy needs *

Answer 40

increases. Increases most for sepsis

Question 41

daily ME requirements for adult cats at maintenance ***

Answer 41

about 200 (100-300) kcal/day. Neutered cats should be 30% less

Question 42

MER equation *

Answer 42

factor x REE = 1.3 to 2 x 70 x W^0.75

Question 43

How much to feed during pregnancy of bitch? *

Answer 43

1st 5-6 weeks: no increase in weight: no additional food needed last 3-4 weeks: increase intake 10-15% /wk

Question 44

cats gain weight throughout pregnancy, whereas dogs only gain weight in last 3-4 weeks *

Answer 44

:)

Question 45

food requirement of lactating bitch/queen varies with: *

Answer 45

litter size (peak >> 3-4xMER)

Question 46

ME requirement for lactation in bitches *

Answer 46

145 x W^0.75 + W(24n +12m) x L

Question 47

bitch milk vs. cow milk *

Answer 47

- has 1.5 kcal ME/mL (about 2x caloric density of cow's milk) - increased protein, fat, calcium - decreased lactose - antibodies not passed via placenta: colostrum very important!

Question 48

orphan rearing: how much to feed? *

Answer 48

25kcal/100g BW | 15% of BW/d during first week, then 25% BW/d

Question 49

When to introduce canned food to pups/kittens? *

Answer 49

3 weeks. Wean pups at 6-8 wks or later

Question 50

rapid growth increases risk of ____ in large breed dogs *

Answer 50

hip dysplasia

Question 51

large/small breed dogs take longer to reach mature weight? *

Answer 51

large

Question 52

puppy protein requirements by age *

Answer 52

greater before 14 wks, then decrease. No supplements are necessary!

Question 53

MER of half grown pups *

Answer 53

200-250 x W^0.75

Question 54

MER of >3 mo. old pups *

Answer 54

same total as parents

Question 55

amt. of what mineral very important in growing Danes? Optimum amount to feed? *

Answer 55

Calcium. Feed 1% DM or 2-4g/1000 kcal. More will cause osteochondrosis, less causes osteoporosis. Ca/P less important.

Question 56

kittens should increase by how much weight/week? *

Answer 56

~100g/week

Question 57

when do kittens reach adult weight? *

Answer 57

1-2 yrs

Question 58

kittens have an increased ____ requirement *

Answer 58

protein. No need to add more though! diet is balanced

Question 59

interspecies BMR *

Answer 59

70 x W^0.75

Question 60

dog MER *

Answer 60

70-1000xW^0.75

Question 61

cat MER *

Answer 61

100-300 kcal/day

Question 62

T or F: dogs lose all extra weight immediately after parturition *

Answer 62

T

Question 63

T or F: cats lose all extra weight immediately after parturition

Answer 63

F. Only 40% lost at part. remaining 60% lost during early lactation

Question 64

what things is energy used for?

Answer 64

``` basal metabolism (50-90%) dietary thermogenesis heat of fermentation maint. of body temp. stress/dz activity product formation ```

Question 65

fat uses more/less energy than lean tissue *

Answer 65

less

Question 66

refeeding syndrome

Answer 66

condition in malnourished dogs fed too many calories

Question 67

individual MER can be __% above or bellow the mean MER

Answer 67

50%

Question 68

poililotherms require/more less energy than endoderms

Answer 68

less. Fish least of all!

Question 69

fetal growth in bitches only significant during ____ part of pregnancy

Answer 69

last third

Question 70

when in queen's peak lactation?

Answer 70

7-8 weeks post partum

Question 71

when in bitch's peak lactation?

Answer 71

3-4 wks post-partum

Question 72

epidermal growth factor

Answer 72

component of breat milk that may influence development of puppy intestine. Another reason you should not wean early.

Question 73

orphan feeding protocol *

Answer 73

feed every 2-4 hrs first day. Then reduce graudally to 4x/day. Feed when crying; don't wake to feed. Keep pups warm and moist. Warm milk replacer to body temp before feeding.

Question 74

T or F: total energy intake of pups at 3 mo. and 18 mos. is about the same

Answer 74

T

Question 75

Puppy growth is proportional to:

Answer 75

size of adult

Question 76

T or F: restricted food intake doesn't affect final height, length, bone size, or muscle mass

Answer 76

T

Question 77

rickets occurs when Ca < ____

Answer 77

0.% DM (1.4mg/kcal)

Question 78

Mean daily metabolizable energy intake of kittens peaks at what age?

Answer 78

10 wks