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Nutrition > Chapter 1: An Intro to Basic Principles (Hill) > Flashcards

Chapter 1: An Intro to Basic Principles (Hill) Flashcards

1
Q

Main nutrients *

A
  • Water
  • Protein, amino acids, or other N compounds
  • Fat/fatty acids/lipids
  • minerals
  • vitamins
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2
Q

fat soluble vitamins *

A

A,D,E,K

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3
Q

water soluble vitamins *

A

B and C

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4
Q

what is AAVN/ACVN iterative approach to feeding “in the face of the unknown”? *

A

try to assess what to feed, feed it, and hopefully it leads to success:

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5
Q

AAVN/ACVN Nutritional Plan steps (5) *

A

FARMS

1) formula
2) assess (history, physical)
3) route
4) monitor (BCS, blood counts, etc.)
5) slow changes

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6
Q

essential nutrient **

A

a nutrient that can’t be synthesized in adequate quantities in a normal animal and must be provided in the diet

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7
Q

conditionally essential nutrient **

A

nutrient that is synthesized in adequate quantities by a normal animal but not during a dz or a physiological condition or life-stage

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8
Q

balanced diet for a normal animal **

A

provides quantities of all essential nutrients when consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight/growth

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9
Q

balanced diet for an animal with dz **

A

provides adequate quantities of all essential AND conditionally essential nutrients when the diet is consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight or growth

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10
Q

nutrient can be 1 of 3 things depending on its dose *

A

deficient, adequate, or toxic

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11
Q

physiological vs. pharmacological dose *

A

phys: provides adequate nutrition for a normal animal
pharm: a higher dose that modifies the response in a sick patient

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12
Q

have the terms “low” and “high” been defined? *

A

NO. Def. varies by company

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13
Q

Steps of problem-oriented vet. med *

A

1) history
2) PE
3) problem list
4) differential diagnosis (most common at top, look for dz that explains all the signs)
5) plan
6) treat
7) monitor

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14
Q

signalment = *

A

age, sex/neutered, breed

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15
Q

how much percentage of change in weight for each point change in BCS? *

A

10-15% in dogs, 10% in cats

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16
Q

5/9 BCS *

A

ideal body condition. Ribs felt but not seen. Waist visible from side and above.

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17
Q

0/3 MCS *

A

severe muscle wasting. Requires palpation to determine

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18
Q

body weight = *

A

fat, muscle, bones, water

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19
Q

morphometry *

A

the process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of an animal. I.e. by assessing BMI, skin fold thickness

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20
Q

BMI = *

A

weight/height. Only works for humans

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21
Q

Feline BMI formula *

A

% body fat = 1.5 x C - 2 x L where C = chest circumference and L = limb length

22
Q

lymphopaenia can be due to: *

A

starvation or other dz

23
Q

iron deficiency can cause low MCV *

A

:)

24
Q

muscle wasting –> creatinine lvl *

A

decreases

25
Q

T or F: glucose is rarely low when dogs don’t eat *

A

F

26
Q

why is low albumin due to nutritional deficiency bad? *

A

albumin has a long half-life, so if it goes down, it is usually a terminal event

27
Q

Factors which affect whether an animal will eat *

A

1) palatibility
2) appetite
3) aversion (i.e. assoc. new food with sickness)
4) environment

28
Q

can cats detect sucrose? *

A

no

29
Q

Factors which affect palatibility *

A

odor, water, texture, protein/fat, aa, sucrose, taste enhancers, temp, flavors, bitterness, medium chain fatty acids, variety

30
Q

steps in nutritional assessment *

A

1) assess status
2) determine route of admin.
3) determine caloric requirement
4) determine profile of protein, fat, CHO
5) initiate feeding
6) monitor response
7) return to normal feeding

31
Q

major minerals

A

Ca, P, Na, K, Mg

32
Q

what quantities are major minerals dosed in? *

A

g/1000 kcal

33
Q

what quantities are minor minerals dosed in? *

A

mg/1000 kcal

34
Q

What should a good diet history include? *

A

what, when, where, how much and by whom. food diary, appetite, activity, life stage, systems review

35
Q

defs. of traditional 5 point BCS scale *

A

1: emaciated
2: thin
3: moderate
4: stout
5: obsese

36
Q

What is included in subjective nutritional assessment? *

A

BCS, MCS

37
Q

what is included in objective nutritional assessment? *

A

body weight, change in BW, morphometry, blood glucose, albumin, lymphocyte count, pre-almbumin, transferrin, retinol binding protein, IGF1, chemistries

38
Q

T or F: MCFA caprylic acid has decreased palatibility in cats

A

T

39
Q

What is digest?

A

product of partial enzymatic digestion of animal tissue that increases p food palatibility.

40
Q

What to feed depends on:

A

1) nutrient composition
2) nutrient bioavailability
3) individual variation in energy intake
4) price
5) acceptance by patient

41
Q

cat malnutrition –> CPK lvl

A

increases

42
Q

cat malnutrition –> alkaline phosphatase

A

increases

43
Q

transferrin is a measure of:

A

total iron binding capacity. Decreases in starvation

44
Q

dog malnutrition –> insulin-like growth factor (IGF1)

A

decreases

45
Q

prothrombin time and PIVKA test reflect:

A

vitamin K status

46
Q

cachexia

A

fat loss, muscle wasting

47
Q

causes of hyperkeratosis

A

vitamin A, zinc deficiency

48
Q

causes of xerophthalmia (dry eye), blindness

A

vit. A def.

49
Q

Causes of bowed legs, “rubber jaw”, beaded ribs, pathological fractures

A

nutritional:vit. D, Ca and/or P def.

non-nutritional: Hyperparathyroidism primary or secondary to renal failure

50
Q

causes of bone pain

A

nutritional: hypervitaminosis A

non-nutritional: tumor, fracture, dev. ortho dz

51
Q

neophilic

A

love of new things

Nutrition (16 decks)

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