Chapter 1: An Intro to Basic Principles (Hill) Flashcards
Main nutrients *
- Water
- Protein, amino acids, or other N compounds
- Fat/fatty acids/lipids
- minerals
- vitamins
fat soluble vitamins *
A,D,E,K
water soluble vitamins *
B and C
what is AAVN/ACVN iterative approach to feeding “in the face of the unknown”? *
try to assess what to feed, feed it, and hopefully it leads to success:
AAVN/ACVN Nutritional Plan steps (5) *
FARMS
1) formula
2) assess (history, physical)
3) route
4) monitor (BCS, blood counts, etc.)
5) slow changes
essential nutrient **
a nutrient that can’t be synthesized in adequate quantities in a normal animal and must be provided in the diet
conditionally essential nutrient **
nutrient that is synthesized in adequate quantities by a normal animal but not during a dz or a physiological condition or life-stage
balanced diet for a normal animal **
provides quantities of all essential nutrients when consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight/growth
balanced diet for an animal with dz **
provides adequate quantities of all essential AND conditionally essential nutrients when the diet is consumed in sufficient quantities to maintain normal body weight or growth
nutrient can be 1 of 3 things depending on its dose *
deficient, adequate, or toxic
physiological vs. pharmacological dose *
phys: provides adequate nutrition for a normal animal
pharm: a higher dose that modifies the response in a sick patient
have the terms “low” and “high” been defined? *
NO. Def. varies by company
Steps of problem-oriented vet. med *
1) history
2) PE
3) problem list
4) differential diagnosis (most common at top, look for dz that explains all the signs)
5) plan
6) treat
7) monitor
signalment = *
age, sex/neutered, breed
how much percentage of change in weight for each point change in BCS? *
10-15% in dogs, 10% in cats
5/9 BCS *
ideal body condition. Ribs felt but not seen. Waist visible from side and above.
0/3 MCS *
severe muscle wasting. Requires palpation to determine
body weight = *
fat, muscle, bones, water
morphometry *
the process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of an animal. I.e. by assessing BMI, skin fold thickness
BMI = *
weight/height. Only works for humans
Feline BMI formula *
% body fat = 1.5 x C - 2 x L where C = chest circumference and L = limb length
lymphopaenia can be due to: *
starvation or other dz
iron deficiency can cause low MCV *
:)
muscle wasting –> creatinine lvl *
decreases
T or F: glucose is rarely low when dogs don’t eat *
F
why is low albumin due to nutritional deficiency bad? *
albumin has a long half-life, so if it goes down, it is usually a terminal event
Factors which affect whether an animal will eat *
1) palatibility
2) appetite
3) aversion (i.e. assoc. new food with sickness)
4) environment
can cats detect sucrose? *
no
Factors which affect palatibility *
odor, water, texture, protein/fat, aa, sucrose, taste enhancers, temp, flavors, bitterness, medium chain fatty acids, variety
steps in nutritional assessment *
1) assess status
2) determine route of admin.
3) determine caloric requirement
4) determine profile of protein, fat, CHO
5) initiate feeding
6) monitor response
7) return to normal feeding
major minerals
Ca, P, Na, K, Mg
what quantities are major minerals dosed in? *
g/1000 kcal
what quantities are minor minerals dosed in? *
mg/1000 kcal
What should a good diet history include? *
what, when, where, how much and by whom. food diary, appetite, activity, life stage, systems review
defs. of traditional 5 point BCS scale *
1: emaciated
2: thin
3: moderate
4: stout
5: obsese
What is included in subjective nutritional assessment? *
BCS, MCS
what is included in objective nutritional assessment? *
body weight, change in BW, morphometry, blood glucose, albumin, lymphocyte count, pre-almbumin, transferrin, retinol binding protein, IGF1, chemistries
T or F: MCFA caprylic acid has decreased palatibility in cats
T
What is digest?
product of partial enzymatic digestion of animal tissue that increases p food palatibility.
What to feed depends on:
1) nutrient composition
2) nutrient bioavailability
3) individual variation in energy intake
4) price
5) acceptance by patient
cat malnutrition –> CPK lvl
increases
cat malnutrition –> alkaline phosphatase
increases
transferrin is a measure of:
total iron binding capacity. Decreases in starvation
dog malnutrition –> insulin-like growth factor (IGF1)
decreases
prothrombin time and PIVKA test reflect:
vitamin K status
cachexia
fat loss, muscle wasting
causes of hyperkeratosis
vitamin A, zinc deficiency
causes of xerophthalmia (dry eye), blindness
vit. A def.
Causes of bowed legs, “rubber jaw”, beaded ribs, pathological fractures
nutritional:vit. D, Ca and/or P def.
non-nutritional: Hyperparathyroidism primary or secondary to renal failure
causes of bone pain
nutritional: hypervitaminosis A
non-nutritional: tumor, fracture, dev. ortho dz
neophilic
love of new things
