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Nutrition > Chapter 8 (pt.2): Vitamins (Hill) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 (pt.2): Vitamins (Hill) Flashcards

(63 cards)

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0
Q

in what way do vitamins A and D act like hormones?

A

regulating DNA transcription

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1
Q

Vitamin A and E - required by what animals and have what effects on the body?

A

required by all animals

may have beneficial effects on immunity

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2
Q

deficiency of fat soluble vitamins accompany what condition?

A

fat malabsorption

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3
Q

Source of Vitamin A and carotenoids

A

plants do not contain vitamin A (retinol) but they do contain carotenoids which can be split in the body to form retinol except in cats and they therefore must be given retinol in the diet.

hay and corn - contain carotene

cod liver oil - retinol

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4
Q

function of Vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoids

A
  • light pigment rhodopsin aka night vision
  • affects DNA transcription by:
    • promoting skin and mucosal differentiation and proliferation. carotenoids have been used at high doses to treat solar dermatitis and squamous cell carcinoma in dogs
  • increased immunity
  • carotenoids act as antioxidants
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5
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoids: deficiency

A
  • night blindness
  • **common in seed-eating birds: cutaneous abscesses
  • poor heat tolerance, emaciation, weakness, mastitis, etc
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6
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) and carotenoid: toxicity

A
  • cervical spondylosis in cats fed exclusively liver*
  • and in anteater pet foods*
  • polar bear liver contains very high concentrations*
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7
Q

Vitamin D sources

A
  • dogs and cats cannot synthesize in skin so must have external sources*
  • formed in skin by action of sunlight
  • hays, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast
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8
Q

what species of animal cannot use Vitamin D2 and must use Vitamin D3? ***

A

***new world monkeys and poultry - must Vitamin D3 only!

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9
Q

Vitamin D function

A

hormone which regulates Ca and P absorption from intestine and resorption from bone and Ca absorption in kidney

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10
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • **Rickets seen in animals deprived of sunlight - especially reptiles
    • chronic renal failure
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11
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

excess supplementation in pet foods or owners

rodenticide poisoning

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12
Q

Vitamin E sources

A

vegetable oils, wheat germ

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13
Q

Vitamin E function

A

Vitamin E (tocopherol) acts as an antioxiant in pet food but is oxidized over time. tocopherol acetate in pet food is converted to Vitamin E in the body where its used as an antioxidant but has no oxidant activity in food before transformation.

  • immune stimulant
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14
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  • myopathy, poor reproduction, mastitis
    • common in fish-eating mammals**
  • ** possibly responsible for steatitis in cats
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15
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

high doses interfere with Vitamin K metabolism and platelet function

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16
Q

therapeutic uses of Vitamin E

A

is used for any disease where oxidation is part of pathogenesis like reperfusion injury

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17
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

intestinal bacteria

green plants

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18
Q

Vitamin K function

A

cofactor in synthesis of clotting factors: 2, 7, 9 and 10

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19
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

symptom is hemmorhage as in Warfarin poisoning

also seen in fat malabsorptoin due to bile duct obstruction and fatty liver disease

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20
Q

what water soluble vitamin is produced in the rumen not an essential nutrient in cattle?

A

vitamin B

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21
Q

what water soluble vitamin is easily destroyed by heat so “overage” is added to pet food diets to accomodate losses?

A

vitamin B

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22
Q

Vitamin C sources***

A

** synthesized by most species except primates, guinea pigs, some bats, some birds (Bulbuls), fish and invertebrates **

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23
Q

Vitamin C function

A

antioxidant
hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen formation*
fibroblast and osteoblast function
important for immunity and carnitine synthesis

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24
Vitamin C deficiency
- "scurvy" - loose teeth, poor wound healing, ruptured capillaries, etc. - dogs and cats synthesize ascorbic acid in liver - some say supplementation is needed during times of stress
25
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) sources
yeast
26
Vitami B1 (thiamin) function
as the coenzyme for enzymes involved in energy metabolism like : acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA
27
***Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency***
*** bracken, fish and heart and spleen can contain thiaminases so can induce deficiency in fish eating mammals, birds of prey fed chicks and horses eating bracken**** ***seen in calves, sheep, greyhounds and cats*** ***heart failure can be induced by glucose infusion in deficient humans. ***signs: ataxia, impaired righting reflexes, impaired vestibulo-ocular reflexes, poorly responsive pupils, ventroflexion of neck, circling, cardiac arrhythmias. pathology is cerbro cortical necrosis***
28
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) sources
yeast, milk and alfalfa meal
29
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin: function
act as coenzymes for FAD and FMN in oxidation/reduction actions
30
Vitamin B2: riboflavin - deficiency *
poor growth, **angular stomatitis in humans**
31
Vitamin B3 (niacin) : sources
corn, wheat are poor sources yeast, wheat bran and sunflower and peanut meals are rich sources
32
vitamin B3 (niacin): function
act as coenzymes for NAD and NAP so involved in all energy reactions - used to treat hyperlipidemia in humans and in ***hypocholesterolemic in dogs***
33
Vitamin B3 (niacin): deficiency
**dogs fed un-supplemented diets develop pellagra-like lesions "black tongue"** signs: inappetance, poor growth, diarrhea, dermatitis
34
**Vitamin B3 (niacin) toxicity**
***profound vasodilation***
35
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): sources
yeast, milk, molasses
36
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) : function
part of coenzyme A
37
vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): deficiency
rare
38
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) sources
yeast, wheat gram, molasses
39
vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): function
acts as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism for ALT and AST
40
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine): deficiency
poor growth and inappetence, dermatitis, and neurological signs
41
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): sources
microorganisms in feces, yeast and animal byproducts
42
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): function
acts as coenzyme for succinyl CoA and methionine formation of nucleic acids and myelin
43
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): absorption
dependent on intrinsic factor from the stomach and pancreas in dogs and just the pancreas in cats **absorption is carrier mediated in the ileum***
44
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): deficiency
inappetance, poor growth and neuropathies mild normocytic anemia in giant Schnauzers ***idiopathic malabsorption in Giant schnauzers**
45
****what conditions are commonly associated with a mild deficiency in Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)****
* **** - small intestinal disease affecting the ileum - bacterial overgrowth (bacteria compete for B12) - pancreatic insufficiency in cats (absence of IF) - unsupplemented home-cooked diets ****************
46
Folate : sources
bacteria in small intestine synthesize folate so slight increase in blood levels in dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
47
folate: function
precursor of tetrahydrofolate
48
***folate: absorption***
*** in proximal small intestine***
49
***folate: metabolism***
*** bacteria absorb paraaminobenzoid acid (PABA) which is converted to folate and then converted to tetrahydrofolate (folacin) by the enzyme tetrahydrofolate reductase (THFR). sulfa antibiotics inhibit the first step: trimethoprim and pyrimethamine the second (THFR inhibitors). the cancer drug, methotrexate also inhibits THFR.
50
folate: defieincy
signs: slow growth, low dividing cells --> anemia, low WBC count ** decreased blood levels in dogs with proximal small intestinal disease** **deficiency can be precipitated by overdose of trimethoprim sulfa antibiotics or methotrexate: use folate to treat sulfa toxicosis and folacin to treat trimethoprim/methotrexate toxicosis** **horses not on pasture may be deficient in folate**
51
Biotin sources
yeast, rice bran
52
biotin: function
coenzyme of carboxylases involved in fat and carb metabolism: pyruvate --> oxaloacetate acetyl CoA --> malonyl CoA priopionyl CoA --> methylmalonyl coA
53
Biotin: deficiency
cats fed experimental diets containing raw egg whites were deficient in biotin signs include: poor growth, poor haircoat, dermatitis
54
Choline: sources
yeast poor source: grains
55
choline: function
methyl donor in phosopholipid metabolism and part of acetylcholine
56
***choline: deficiency***
*** methionine can act as an alternative methyl donor so choline is probably not required if sufficient methionine is provided above amino acid requirements*** signs: poor growth and hepatic lipidosis **has been recommended as part of treatment for hepatic lipidosis in cats***
57
Vitamin like molecule: inositol sources
biosyntehsis free in animal tissue as phytate plant tissue
58
vitamin like molecule: Inositol function
second messenger in cells | phospholipids
59
vitamin-like molecule: Inositol minimum requirement in what species?
in cats because experimental diets all contained some inositol
60
Inositol supplementation
recommended for fatty liver in cats decreased nerve conduction in diabetic rats
61
vitamin-like molecule: pyrroloquinalone quinone (PQQ, 'Q10'): sources
synthesis by cells and ubiquitous in diet
62
PQQ, 'Q10' | function
required for grwoth in rodents, antioxidant, may reduce the incidence of athersclerosis in humans

Nutrition (16 decks)

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