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NFS284 > Section 3-6: Inorganic Nutrients > Flashcards

Section 3-6: Inorganic Nutrients Flashcards

Water & electrolytes Minerals & bone health Trace elements

1
Q

Electrolytes consist of…

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Cl
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2
Q

Early symptoms of water intoxication are similar to…

A

dehydration

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3
Q

For AI, populations has an adequate intake if ____ of the population has an intake greater than the AI

A

> 50%

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4
Q

cut-off for accessing AI is…

A

50%

- 50% = population has adequate intake

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5
Q

why do we add so much sodium to our food?

A
  • taste
  • hold water
  • preservative
  • cheapest ingredient to add to make food taste good
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6
Q

effect of food processing on Na and K

A

before processing: very little Na, a lot of K

after processing: slight decrease in K, dramatic increase in Na

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7
Q

dietary factors that increase blood pressure

A
  • salt sensitivity

- high Na intake

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8
Q

salt sensitivity

A

body wants to retain Na

  • low Na excretion
  • Na cause vasoconstriction
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9
Q

UL for Na

A

2300 mg

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10
Q

a diet high in K and low in Na…

A

reduce risk of high BP → reduce risk for stroke & heart disease

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11
Q

AI for potassium

A

4700 mg

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12
Q

which food is a great source of K?

A

potato (baked)

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13
Q

what is an often forgotten group of foods that provide great nutrients?

A

white vegetables

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14
Q

complications of pregnancy

A

High BP

  • gestational hypertenstion
  • pre-eclampsia → eclampsia
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15
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

multi-system disorder of pregnancy

  • high blood pressure
  • fluid retention
  • rapid weight gain
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16
Q

symptoms of eclampsia

A
  • seizures

- death

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17
Q

which supplement may help relieve complications of pregnancy?

A

Ca++

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18
Q

define: mineral

A

inorganic elements needed by the body in small amounts

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19
Q

what are the major minerals?

A
  • Na
  • Mg
  • K
  • Ca
  • P
  • S
  • Cl
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20
Q

Minerals can be categorized into 2 categories:

A

1) major minerals

2) trace minerals

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21
Q

How do we get all required minerals?

A

eat a variety of foods from different groups

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22
Q

sources of minerals in Canadian diet

A
  • Natural sources
  • fortified foods
  • NHP
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23
Q

which minerals are found in fortified food?

A
  • iron
  • Ca
  • Iodine
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24
Q

which minerals are found in NHP?

A

Ca supplements (usually needed by older women)

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25
Q

Bioavailability of minerals: which are low and which are high?

A

low: iron, Ca
high: Na (100% available)

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26
Q

___ decreases absorption of minerals by binding to them

A

phytate
oxalate
tannins

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27
Q

sources of phytate. what minerals does it bind?

A

grains;

Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg

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28
Q

sources of oxalate. what minerals does it bind

A

spinach & veggies;

Ca, Fe

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29
Q

sources of tannins. What minerals does it bind?

A

tea & coffee;

Ca, Fe

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30
Q

Are most Canadians getting enough Ca from food? Which group is the worst?

A

no; worse as you get older & females

- this is because they have higher requirements

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31
Q

Are most Canadians getting enough Ca from food + supplements?

A

No

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32
Q

Are Canadians getting enough of P from food?

A

Yes, maybe too much

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33
Q

Are Canadians getting enough of Mg from food?

A

No

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34
Q

sources of Mg

A
  • milk
  • whole grains
  • fruits & veggies
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35
Q

in the body, minerals act as ___

A

cofactors

- activate incomplete enzymes

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36
Q

osteoporosis is defined as…

A

loss of both protein (organic matrix) and inorganic matrix (mineral / hydroxyapatite) components of bone

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37
Q

vegetables low in ___ are good sources of Ca

A

oxalate

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38
Q

absorption of Ca is most efficient in ___ at __&, and only ___% in ___

A

infants; 60%

adults; 25-30%

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39
Q

adults with vit D deficiency can only absorb ___% of Ca

A

10%

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40
Q

what happens to Ca absorption during pregnancy?

A

increases

  • we also require more Ca during pregnancy
  • RDA remains unchanged b/c you can absorb more from the same amount
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41
Q

RDA for Ca takes into account…

A

low absorption rates

e.g. body needs 300 mg so RDA = 1000 mg

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42
Q

calcitonin is produced by…

A

thyroid gland

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43
Q

function of PTH

A
  • reabsorption of bone
  • more Ca reabsorbed by kidney
  • faster formation of vit D in kidney
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44
Q

non-bone related functions of Ca

A
  • muscle contraction (!!)
  • NT release
  • blood clotting
  • regulating BP (counterbalances Na)
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45
Q

Observational studies show inverse association between Ca and…
Hypothesis?

A

colon cancer;

ca bind with toxins in the colon → insoluble → biologically inactive

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46
Q

mineral component of bone

A
  • collagen = organic matrix

- hydroxyapatite = inorganic matrix

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47
Q

trabecular bone

A

spongy bone that is metabolically active

  • reabsorption will happen here
  • too much lost → fractures
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48
Q

2 types of bone

A

1) trabecular bone

2) cortical bone

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49
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone (outside)

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50
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

deposits mineral on collage to give bone strength & regidity

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51
Q

collagen in bone allows…

A

some flexibility; bone can be stressed without breaking right away

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52
Q

below -1 ~ -2.5 SD for bone density =

A

osteopenia

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53
Q

below -2.5 SD for bone density =

A

osteoporosis

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54
Q

bone loss is a natural part of ___

A

aging (more loss from trabecular bone)

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55
Q

which parts of the body is vulnerable to osteoporosis?

A

hip & spine

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56
Q

why do old people get shorter?

A

segment of spine have less trabecular bone → front end crushed → triangular shape → spine bends forward

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57
Q

consequence of spine bending forward?

A 
compression of internal organs
→ respiratory tract infections
→ bronchitis 
→ hard to clear congestion
some infections may be deadly in elderly women (e.g. pneumonia)
58
Q

Which groups are at the highest risk for osteoporosis?

A
  • women (less peak bone mass & post-menopause bone less)
  • older
  • Caucasians, SE Asians
  • family history
  • thin, light individuals
  • smokers
  • no exercise
  • alcoholics (body can’t absorb Ca)
  • diet lacking Ca and vit D
59
Q

how does exercise improve bone health?

A

Weight bearing exercise → put stress on muscle → muscle put stress on bone → build bone density

60
Q

define: accretion

A

uptake & accumulation of Ca from diet

61
Q

why are post-menopausal women at such high risk for osteoporosis?

A

Bones love estrogen → stimulate osteoblast activity

- loss of estrogen after menopause cause faster decrease in bone mass when aging compared to men

62
Q

men have estrogen in their body by…

A

conversion from testosterone

63
Q

both men & women lose bone slowly after age __

A

35

64
Q

What is a way to prevent weak bones when older?

A

Achieve higher peak bone mass in your 20s

  • although there is still a decrease, the slope is the same
  • final bone mass will be higher if max value is higher
65
Q

older people are more vulnerable to osteoporosis because…

A

osteoclast activity > osteoblast

66
Q

what are ways to minimize bone loss during aging?

A
  • maximize peak bone mass when young (exercise)

- take Ca & vit D supplements

67
Q

people with bone fractures due to osteoporosis are ___x more likely to die. Why?

A

3-4

  • loss of muscle mass
  • immobility → vulnerable to pneumonia
68
Q

why is canned fish a good source of Ca?

A

Mash in bones when eating

69
Q

Ca supplements without vit D can increase risk of…

However, this is not relevant because…

A 
heart attacks (observational study);
almost all Ca supplements contain vit D
70
Q

Mg is a part of ___ of bone

A

inorganic matrix

71
Q

Mg is needed for…

A

vit D function

72
Q

1 micronutrient deficiency in the world =

A

iron

73
Q

2 micronutrient deficiency in the world =

A

iodine

74
Q

Are Canadians getting enough iron?

A

Mostly yes, but not premenopausal women (higher requirement)

75
Q

are Canadians getting enough of zinc?

A

No, especially in older people

76
Q

myoglobin has __ subunits

A

1

77
Q

iron is an essential component of the ___. Why?

A

heme group;

needed to bind O2

78
Q

Heme group can be found…

A

inside hemoglobin & myoglobin

79
Q

efficiency of Fe absorption

A

5-15%

80
Q

which form of iron is best absorbed? What are the sources of this?

A

Heme iron (animal sources)

81
Q

Which form of iron is worst absorbed? what are the sources of this?

A

non-heme iron

  • plant sources
  • legumes
  • grains
82
Q

what is an unexpected source of iron? how to increase this source?

A

iron cookware

- acidic foods increase leaching

83
Q

what increases Fe absorption

A
  • ascorbic acid

- MFP

84
Q

digestion of Fe

A

stomach:

  • non-heme iron (Fe3+) in ferric form → Fe2+ (ferrous form)
  • ferrous form can be absorbed
85
Q

Fe supplements contain ___. Why?

A

ascorbic acid; needed for / improves the absorption of iron

86
Q

MFP

A

meat, fish, poultry protein

87
Q

what happens to ferritin bound Fe when the cell dies?

A

lost in feces

88
Q

Fe is converted to ferric form by…

A

Cu-containing compounds

89
Q

excess Fe is bound to ___ in the ___

A

Ferritin & Hemosiderin;

liver

90
Q

Iron loss is due to…

A

blood loss

Fe is usually not excreted

91
Q

ferritin binds which form of iron?

A

Fe3+ (ferric)

92
Q

___ is needed to absorb iron. Why?

A

Cu-containing compounds;

allows Fe3+ to be transported into bloodstream

93
Q

Why is free iron dangerous? What does iron do in the blood?

A

Fenton reaction: iron + H2O2 → hydroxal radical

Iron always bound to some protein to avoid oxidative stress

94
Q

You have little // a lot of transferrin receptors when there is low serum Fe

A

a lot

95
Q

where can ferritin & hemosiderin be found?

A

liver & bone marrow

96
Q

iron RDA for women vs. men

A

women need more iron

97
Q

iron RDA for omnivores vs. vegetarians

A

vegetarians need more

98
Q

what happens to RBC when there is iron deficiency?

A

Not enough Fe to make hemoglobin (heme group) → blood can’t carry as much O2

microcytic & hypochromic

99
Q

during Fe deficiency, where is Fe lost first? where is it lost last?

A

Iron stores (ferritin) → iron in plasma (transferrin) → iron in RBC (heme)

100
Q

___ gives a good measure of how good your iron stores are

A

serum ferritin

101
Q

Catalase

A

converts H2O2 → H2O

102
Q

breast milk does not contain a lot of which mineral?

A

iron

103
Q

what should babies by supplemented with in terms of iron?

A
  • infant has 6 mon worth of iron stored in liver
  • after 4-6 months, babies should be supplemented with iron
  • feed iron-containing foods when baby can begin eating
104
Q

which 2 minerals complete for absorption?

A

Ca and Iron

105
Q

during pregnancy, which mineral is especially needed (supplement)?

A

Iron

106
Q

___ supplements would make a lot of women feel better from the tiredness after pregnancy

A

iron

107
Q

___ deaths/year during childbirth

A

50000

108
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is due to…

A

poor diet:

- too much Ca interferes w/ Fe absorption

109
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

A

fatigue → physical inactivity → weight gain

110
Q

Genetic cause of iron overload

A

hemochromatosis

111
Q

what are some ways to protect from too much free iron?

A

chelating agent
- make iron biologically inactive

frequent blood donations

112
Q

good sources of zinc

A

animal products

113
Q

zinc deficiencies are more common in populations with…

A

high phytates & low animal products

114
Q

symptoms of zinc deficiency

A
  • stunted growth & sexual development

- weak immune system

115
Q

__ bread is high in phytates, but __ bread is not

A

unleavened;

leavened (yeast destroys phytate)

116
Q

high Zn intake stimulate…

A

synthesis of metallothionein protein

  • binds metals inside mucosal cell in small intestines
  • interfere w/ zinc metabolism
117
Q

Role of Zn in gene expression

A

zinc fingers on DNA binding protein receptors

118
Q

function of zinc (give example)

A

component of many enzymes

e.g. superoxide dismutase: prevent oxidative stress by breaking down superoxide

119
Q

what common “medicine” is Zn found in?

A

zinc lozenges

  • limit intake to less than 7 days
  • daily dose exceeds UL
120
Q

Effect of Zn on Cu

A

too much Zn → metallothionein → bind Cu → reduced Cu absorption

121
Q

Cu is co-factor in enzyme ____

A

superoxide dismutase

122
Q

Cu and Zn is lost when ____

A

mucosal cells die

123
Q

Mn is a component of ____

A

superoxide dismutase

124
Q

selenium deficiency causes what disease?

A

Keshan disease

  • muscular discomfort
  • weakness
125
Q

too much selenium causes…

A

hair & nail brittleness

126
Q

amount of Selenium in food depends on…

A

amount in soil

127
Q

sources of iodine from diet

A
  • seafood
  • plants that grow near sea
  • iodized salt
128
Q

iodized salt is not used in…

A

processing (we’ll get overdose if that happens)

129
Q

iodine is a component of ____ hormone

A

thyroid

130
Q

thyroid hormone is responsible for…

A

energy metabolism

131
Q

receptor for thyroid hormone

A

nuclear protein receptor

132
Q

___ containing enzyme converts T4 → T3

A

selenium

133
Q

iodine deficiency cause which characteristic physical symptom?

A

goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)

134
Q

iodine deficiency during pregnancy causes…

A

cretinism in baby: short, developmental delay, deafness

135
Q

TRH is from hypothalamus. TSH is from…

A

anterior pituitary

136
Q

subsistence farming

A

eat only food that is grown in the area

137
Q

intake of iodine correlates with ____

A

urine excretion

138
Q

are Canadians getting enough iodine?

A

mild iodine deficiency, but there are excesses as well

→ overall we are okay

139
Q

iodine status in Australia

A
  • most iodine came from contamination (cleaning products used in dairy farms)
  • when dairy farms stopped using iodine to clean, Australia became iodine deficient
  • now: iodized salt
140
Q

Chromium enhances ___ function by…

A

insulin;

activating peptide that binds to insulin receptor → allow glucose to enter cell easier

141
Q

are people chromium deficient?

A

nope

142
Q

functions of fluoride

A
  • reduce tooth decay

- strengthen bone (fluorapatite replaces some hydroxyapatite)

NFS284 (16 decks)

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