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NFS284 > NFS284: Carb 3 > Flashcards

NFS284: Carb 3 Flashcards

Carbohydrates and health

1
Q

types of nutrition research

A
  1. laboratory studies
  2. Epidemiological studies
  3. human intervention / clinical trials
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2
Q

weakness of lab studies

A

Cannot necessarily apply to humans

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3
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

Determine incidence & distribution of diseases in a population

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4
Q

Epidemiological studies are divided into…

A
  1. cross-sectional
  2. case control
  3. prospective cohort
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5
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Collect data from a population at one specific point in time.
Aim: to provide data on the entire population sampled

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6
Q

Case control study

A

two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute

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7
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Divide population into groups, and follow them over time to see outcome

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8
Q

Strengths of epidemiological studies

A
  • suggest causes for disease

- develop new hypothesis that can be tested using lab studies

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9
Q

weakness of epidemiological studies

A
  • confounding variables

- no cause/effect

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10
Q

Clinical trials

A

test effects of specific factors in humans

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11
Q

Clinical trials are divided into…

A
  1. mechanistic studies
  2. non-randomized trials
  3. randomized trials
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12
Q

Strengths of clinical trials

A
  • control some conditions

- determine cause & effect

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13
Q

Weaknesses of clinical trials

A
  • results don’t apply to everyone

- ethics

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14
Q

How to judge when studies show different things? How do we know who to trust?

A

Quality of evidence

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15
Q

Subdivisions of quality of evidence

A

Level 1A
Level 1B: not randomized experiment / great cohort study
Level 2
Level 3: not randomized clinical trial / cohort
Level 4

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16
Q

Does sugar cause diabetes?

A

Very little support

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17
Q

Does sugar cause high glycaemic response?

A

no

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18
Q

Does sugar cause tooth decay?

A

Contributing factor, along with…

Micro-organisms
Host
Time
Substrate

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19
Q

Does sugar cause heart attacks?

A

No

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20
Q

What factor indicates high risk for diabetes?

A

High GI

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21
Q

Does sugar contribute to heart attacks?

A

No

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22
Q

What factor indicates risk for heart attack?

A

higher GI = 31% increase in risk

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23
Q

Does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?

A

Maybe, but not likely

Due to other factors associated with events that require sugar intake

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24
Q

Does sugar cause obesity in children?

A

Yes

Increased sugar intake from soft drinks directly linked to increased weight & BMI

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25
Formula: odds
P(event occurs) / P(event does not occur)
26
Formula: odds ratio
Odds in treatment group / odds in control group
27
What does the odds ratio tell you?
__% increased risk e.g. 1.6 = 60% increased risk in obesity
28
Does reducing sugar decrease obesity? What does this imply?
No Sugar is not the only cause of obesity
29
Alternative sweeteners are divided into...
1. Nutritive sweeteners | 2. non-nutritive sweeteners
30
Nutritive sweeteners
Provide energy: 4kcal/g
31
Examples of nutritive sweeteners
- sucrose - fructose - honey - brown sugar - sugar alcohols - HFCS
32
non-nutritive sweeteners
Provides no energy, just sweetness
33
Absorption of sugar alcohols
only partially absorbed
34
Excretion for sugar alcohols
in urine
35
Brands of artifical sweeteners
- nutrasweet - splenda - equal - sweet'n low
36
ADI
acceptable daily intake
37
ADI have been established for which non-nutritive sweeteners?
Saccharine Acesulfame-K Aspartame Sucralose
38
problem with aspartame
Can't be heated: will dissociate structure -> won't taste sweet
39
AI
adequate intake
40
AI for fibre is..
14g / 1000 kcal Men: 38g women: 25g
41
Most Canadians eat ___. This is enough / not enough.
14 - 21g | not enough
42
Which foods increase fibre intake?
Whole grains* Fruits Vegetables Legumes*
43
Action insoluble of fibre in stomach
speeds emptying
44
Action insoluble of fibre in small intestines
speeds transit
45
Action insoluble of fibre in colon
Laxative | Poorly fermented
46
Action soluble of fibre in stomach
slows emptying
47
Action soluble of fibre in small intestines
slows absorption | slows transit time
48
Action soluble of fibre in colon
Slight laxative | Fermented (farts)
49
Physical property of insoluble vs. soluble fibre
insoluble: non-viscous soluble: viscous
50
Medical uses of fibre
``` Laxative Irritable bowel (pain, diarrhea/constipation) Diverticular disease Lower cholesterol Lowering blood glucose ```
51
Relationship between gram of wheat fibre and stool weight
1:1 positive relationship
52
Another name for insoluble fibre
Cereal fibre
53
Wheat bran only has an effect if it is...
coarse
54
Effect of coarse wheat bran
- decrease transit time | - increase stool weight
55
treatment for diverticular disease
high fibre
56
Diverticular disease
Formation of small sacs inside the large intestines (diverticular) Might break inner lining of intestines -> Blood in stool, but painless. High pressure in large intestines due to contracting with small stool
57
Relationship between fibres that lower cholesterol and stool weight?
Fibres that don't increase stool weight are better at lowering blood glucose
58
Is fibre an effective treatment for diabetes?
Theoretically yes, but many problems Must be given in viscous form
59
Sources of soluble fibre
pectin gums muscilages
60
Sources of insoluble fibre
lignin cellulose hemicellulose
61
Soluble fibres have ___ effects, while insoluble fibres ___
metabolic | bulk stool
62
Examples of soluble fibre
legumes fruits oats barley
63
examples of insoluble fibre
fibrous vegetables wheat rye corn
64
Role of low GI in health
- weight - acne - performance - diabetes - heart disease
65
role of low GI in disease
management of diabetes
66
why is GI not on food labels?
- GI has poor accuracy - GI does not vary in response to amount of food consumed - Lead to unhealthy food choices

NFS284 (16 decks)

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