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NFS284 > NFS284: Carb 3 > Flashcards

NFS284: Carb 3 Flashcards

Carbohydrates and health

1
Q

types of nutrition research

A
  1. laboratory studies
  2. Epidemiological studies
  3. human intervention / clinical trials
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2
Q

weakness of lab studies

A

Cannot necessarily apply to humans

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3
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

Determine incidence & distribution of diseases in a population

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4
Q

Epidemiological studies are divided into…

A
  1. cross-sectional
  2. case control
  3. prospective cohort
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5
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Collect data from a population at one specific point in time.
Aim: to provide data on the entire population sampled

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6
Q

Case control study

A

two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute

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7
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Divide population into groups, and follow them over time to see outcome

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8
Q

Strengths of epidemiological studies

A
  • suggest causes for disease

- develop new hypothesis that can be tested using lab studies

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9
Q

weakness of epidemiological studies

A
  • confounding variables

- no cause/effect

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10
Q

Clinical trials

A

test effects of specific factors in humans

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11
Q

Clinical trials are divided into…

A
  1. mechanistic studies
  2. non-randomized trials
  3. randomized trials
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12
Q

Strengths of clinical trials

A
  • control some conditions

- determine cause & effect

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13
Q

Weaknesses of clinical trials

A
  • results don’t apply to everyone

- ethics

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14
Q

How to judge when studies show different things? How do we know who to trust?

A

Quality of evidence

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15
Q

Subdivisions of quality of evidence

A

Level 1A
Level 1B: not randomized experiment / great cohort study
Level 2
Level 3: not randomized clinical trial / cohort
Level 4

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16
Q

Does sugar cause diabetes?

A

Very little support

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17
Q

Does sugar cause high glycaemic response?

A

no

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18
Q

Does sugar cause tooth decay?

A

Contributing factor, along with…

Micro-organisms
Host
Time
Substrate

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19
Q

Does sugar cause heart attacks?

A

No

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20
Q

What factor indicates high risk for diabetes?

A

High GI

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21
Q

Does sugar contribute to heart attacks?

A

No

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22
Q

What factor indicates risk for heart attack?

A

higher GI = 31% increase in risk

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23
Q

Does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?

A

Maybe, but not likely

Due to other factors associated with events that require sugar intake

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24
Q

Does sugar cause obesity in children?

A

Yes

Increased sugar intake from soft drinks directly linked to increased weight & BMI

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25
Q

Formula: odds

A

P(event occurs) / P(event does not occur)

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26
Q

Formula: odds ratio

A

Odds in treatment group / odds in control group

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27
Q

What does the odds ratio tell you?

A

__% increased risk

e.g. 1.6 = 60% increased risk in obesity

28
Q

Does reducing sugar decrease obesity? What does this imply?

A

No

Sugar is not the only cause of obesity

29
Q

Alternative sweeteners are divided into…

A
  1. Nutritive sweeteners

2. non-nutritive sweeteners

30
Q

Nutritive sweeteners

A

Provide energy: 4kcal/g

31
Q

Examples of nutritive sweeteners

A
  • sucrose
  • fructose
  • honey
  • brown sugar
  • sugar alcohols
  • HFCS
32
Q

non-nutritive sweeteners

A

Provides no energy, just sweetness

33
Q

Absorption of sugar alcohols

A

only partially absorbed

34
Q

Excretion for sugar alcohols

A

in urine

35
Q

Brands of artifical sweeteners

A
  • nutrasweet
  • splenda
  • equal
  • sweet’n low
36
Q

ADI

A

acceptable daily intake

37
Q

ADI have been established for which non-nutritive sweeteners?

A

Saccharine
Acesulfame-K
Aspartame
Sucralose

38
Q

problem with aspartame

A

Can’t be heated: will dissociate structure -> won’t taste sweet

39
Q

AI

A

adequate intake

40
Q

AI for fibre is..

A

14g / 1000 kcal
Men: 38g
women: 25g

41
Q

Most Canadians eat ___. This is enough / not enough.

A

14 - 21g

not enough

42
Q

Which foods increase fibre intake?

A

Whole grains*
Fruits
Vegetables
Legumes*

43
Q

Action insoluble of fibre in stomach

A

speeds emptying

44
Q

Action insoluble of fibre in small intestines

A

speeds transit

45
Q

Action insoluble of fibre in colon

A

Laxative

Poorly fermented

46
Q

Action soluble of fibre in stomach

A

slows emptying

47
Q

Action soluble of fibre in small intestines

A

slows absorption

slows transit time

48
Q

Action soluble of fibre in colon

A

Slight laxative

Fermented (farts)

49
Q

Physical property of insoluble vs. soluble fibre

A

insoluble: non-viscous
soluble: viscous

50
Q

Medical uses of fibre

A 
Laxative
Irritable bowel (pain, diarrhea/constipation)
Diverticular disease
Lower cholesterol
Lowering blood glucose
51
Q

Relationship between gram of wheat fibre and stool weight

A

1:1 positive relationship

52
Q

Another name for insoluble fibre

A

Cereal fibre

53
Q

Wheat bran only has an effect if it is…

A

coarse

54
Q

Effect of coarse wheat bran

A
  • decrease transit time

- increase stool weight

55
Q

treatment for diverticular disease

A

high fibre

56
Q

Diverticular disease

A

Formation of small sacs inside the large intestines (diverticular)

Might break inner lining of intestines -> Blood in stool, but painless.

High pressure in large intestines due to contracting with small stool

57
Q

Relationship between fibres that lower cholesterol and stool weight?

A

Fibres that don’t increase stool weight are better at lowering blood glucose

58
Q

Is fibre an effective treatment for diabetes?

A

Theoretically yes, but many problems

Must be given in viscous form

59
Q

Sources of soluble fibre

A

pectin
gums
muscilages

60
Q

Sources of insoluble fibre

A

lignin
cellulose
hemicellulose

61
Q

Soluble fibres have ___ effects, while insoluble fibres ___

A

metabolic

bulk stool

62
Q

Examples of soluble fibre

A

legumes
fruits
oats
barley

63
Q

examples of insoluble fibre

A

fibrous vegetables
wheat
rye
corn

64
Q

Role of low GI in health

A
  • weight
  • acne
  • performance
  • diabetes
  • heart disease
65
Q

role of low GI in disease

A

management of diabetes

66
Q

why is GI not on food labels?

A
  • GI has poor accuracy
  • GI does not vary in response to amount of food consumed
  • Lead to unhealthy food choices

NFS284 (16 decks)

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