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NFS284 > NFS284: Fat 3 > Flashcards

NFS284: Fat 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens when alcohol intake > ability of liver to break it down?

A

alcohol intoxication / alcohol poisoning

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2
Q

why does alcohol poisoning occur?

A

when alcohol intake > ability of liver to break it down

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3
Q

What happens when alcohol poisoning occurs

A

circulating alcohol in the blood affects CNS, breathing, HR

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4
Q

define: alcoholism

A

chronic alcohol use

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5
Q

effects of alcoholism

A
  1. malnutrition

2. toxin & free radical accumulation

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6
Q

effects of alcoholism: manutrition

A
  • eat less of other nutrients

- interfere w/ nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism, excretion

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7
Q

effects of alcoholism: toxin & free radical accumulation

A
  • causes liver damage
  • hypertension, heart disease, stroke
  • increased risk for cancers
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8
Q

types of liver damage

A
  • fatty liver
  • alcoholic hepatitis
  • alcoholic cirrhosis
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9
Q

toxin & free radical accumulation may increase risk of which cancers?

A 
oesophagus
mouth
pharynx
larynx
liver
pancreas
colon
breast
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10
Q

what happens when mom drinks while pregnant (during the first __ weeks of pregnancy)?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

12

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11
Q

symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • mental retardation
  • physical deformities
  • short stature
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12
Q

can FAS be treated?

A

no, but can be prevented

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13
Q

Are there benefits to alcohol consumption?

A

Yes, in moderation

  • lower mortality
  • reduced risk for heart disease & stroke
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14
Q

what enhances the benefits of alchol?

A

phytochemicals

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15
Q

effect of moderate drinking

A
  • higher HDL
  • lower LDL
  • less blood clotting
  • less platelet aggregation
  • less homocysteine
    less cell aggregation
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16
Q

effect of excessive drinking

A
  • increase acetaldehyde
  • increase oxidative stress
  • increase triglycerides
  • decrease HDL
  • increase cell aggregation
  • increase reactive species
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17
Q

who should completely avoid alcohol?

A
  • pregnant women
  • children
  • people who operate machinery
  • alcoholics
  • people taking medicine that reacts w/ alcohol
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18
Q

What affects seriousness of heart attacks?

A
  • strength of MI

- area affected

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19
Q

__ and __ affect the risk of developing CVD

A

diet

lifestyle

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20
Q

define: atherosclerosis

A

hardening & narrowing of the arteries

disease where lipids & fibrous material are deposited in arterial walls

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21
Q

define: vascular thrombosis

A

blocked arteries

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22
Q

factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis

A

Virchow’s Triad

  1. change in blood vessel wall (atherosclerosis)
  2. change in blood flow (vasoconstrict/dilate)
  3. change in blood constituents (clotting)
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23
Q

Formation of plaque

A
  1. LDL enters endothelial cells
  2. get oxidized
  3. engulfed my macrophage with scavenger receptor
  4. becomes foam cell
  5. sits and accumulates, while promoting smooth muscles division
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24
Q

what forms on top of a plaque?

A

fibrous cap and platelets

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25
Q

formation of blood clot in vessels

A

fibrous cap breaks

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26
Q

how does each lipoprotein affect CVD risk?

A 
chylomicron: no effect
VLDL: increase
IDL: increase
LDL: INCREASE!
HDL: lower
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27
Q

can atherosclerosis be cured?

A

some kind of regression:

  • does not go away
  • stabilized fibrous cap
  • less inflammation
28
Q

Relationship between LDL and CVD

A

causal: high LDL causes CVD

29
Q

Statins

A

effective drugs at lowering LDL

30
Q

How to measure endothelial function?

A

flow-mediated dilation (FMD)

Give measurement that tells % increase in arteriole diameter from baseline when cells require more O2

31
Q

endothelial function changes…

A

blood flow (part of Virchow’s Triad)

32
Q

effect of high fat on FMD

A

Reduce ability of arteries to dilate

Just SFA

33
Q

relationship: fish consumption and CVD risk

A

Decrease

34
Q

Why might fish reduce CVD risk?

A
  • reduce serum TG

- reduce blood clotting

35
Q

Fish mainly gives which FA?

A

EPA

DHA

36
Q

What type of fish has the most w3?

A

Fatty fish

salmon, swordfish, trout

37
Q

Relationship between fish oils and CVD disease

A

No effect

38
Q

what does fish oil do?

A

lower TG

39
Q

is it the w3 in fish that is causing the lowered CVD risk?

A

Probably not, since pure w3FA only reduced TG levels

40
Q

Risk factors for CVD are divided into…

A
  1. not modifiable

2. modifiable

41
Q

not modifiable risks for CVD include…

A
  • age
  • sex
  • family history
42
Q

example of CVD caused by genetics

A

FHC: LDL receptor disfunction, so liver can’t remove LDL from blood

43
Q

modifiable risks for CVD

A
  • weight
  • PA
  • smoking
  • BP
  • diabetes
  • LDL levels, VLDL levels
  • HDL levels
44
Q

Which 3 modifiable risks for CVD must be treated together?

A
  • weight
  • PA
  • Smoking
45
Q

Does losing weight reduce risk for CVD by itself?

A

Yes, but indirectly through diabetes

46
Q

CHO has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

reduced CHO = increase HDL

47
Q

MUFA has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

Increase MUFA = decrease LDL

increase MUFA = decrease VLDL

48
Q

w6 PUFA has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

Increase w6 = decrease LDL

increase w6 = increase VLDL

49
Q

TFA has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

increase TFA = decrease HDL

50
Q

w3 has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

decrease VLDL

decrease TG

51
Q

Cholesterol has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

Small increase in LDL

52
Q

SFA has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

Increase SFA = increase LDL

53
Q

Best way to increase HDL while lowering VLDL and LDL?

A

exercise

54
Q

fructose has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

lower HDL

increase VLDL

55
Q

soluble fibre has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

Lower LDL

56
Q

animal protein has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

increase LDL

57
Q

plant sterols has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

lower LDL

58
Q

weight loss has what effect on lipoproteins?

A

reduce VLDL

59
Q

Dietary factors can lower cholesterol by…

A

25-35%

60
Q

What are some dietary factors that can lower cholesterol?

A
  • reduce SFA: 5-10%
  • increase soluble fibre: 5%
  • veggie protein > meat protein: 5%
  • unsaturated FA from nuts: 5%
  • plant steroles: 5-10%
61
Q

statins can lower cholesterol by…

A

50%

62
Q

Drugs can lower cholesterol by…

A

75%

63
Q

How does losing weight & exercise reduce risk for CVD?

A
  • less BP
  • reduce inflammation
  • improve insulin sensitivity
64
Q

How does w3FA reduce CVD risk?

A

reduce blood clotting

reduce inflammation

65
Q

What ions can reduce blood pressure?

A

Ca++

K+

NFS284 (16 decks)

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