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NFS284 > NFS284 Chapter 3 > Flashcards

NFS284 Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Path of nutrients in the body

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Metabolism in cells
  4. Eliminate waste
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2
Q

4 major types of tissue

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nerve
  3. Epithelial
  4. Connective
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3
Q

Tissues play a role in the…

A

Digestion stage of food

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4
Q

2 types of tissue found in the stomach

A
  • nervous

- connective

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5
Q

Purpose of tissue in the stomach

A

signals brain when stomach is empty or full

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6
Q

Purpose of muscles in the stomach

A

Begin digestion process by churing ingested food

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7
Q

Purpose of specialized epithelial cells in the stomach

A

Produce acids and enzymes that help break down the food (faster)

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8
Q

Digestion

A

Break down food chemically and mechanically into parts that are small enough to be absorbed by the body

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9
Q

Absorption

A

Taking substances obtained from food into the interior of the body

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10
Q

The digestive system is broken down into 2 steps.

A
  1. Digestion

2. Absorption

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11
Q

Food can be broken down in 2 ways

A
  1. Chemically

2. Mechanically

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12
Q

What does the GI tract include?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
  • anus
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13
Q

What are the accessory organs that aid the digestive process?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
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14
Q

Function of:

mouth

A

chew food, mix food with saliva

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15
Q

Function of:

salivary glands

A

produce saliva (contains amylase which break down starch)

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16
Q

Function of:

pharynx

A

swallows chewed food + saliva

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17
Q

Function of:

esophagus

A

moves food into stomach

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18
Q

Function of:

liver

A

makes bile

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19
Q

Function of:

bile

A

helps digestion & absorption of fat

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20
Q

Function of:

pancreas

A
  • Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize intestinal contents

- Produce enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, fats

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21
Q

Function of:

gallbladder

A

stores bile, and release it into small intestines when needed

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22
Q

Function of:

small intestines

A
  • Finishes digestion process

- Absorption of nutrients into blood / lymph

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23
Q

Function of:

large intestines

A
  • Absorbs water, vitamins, minerals
  • Intestinal bacteria
  • Passes waste
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24
Q

The large intestines consist of…

A
  • Colon

- Rectum

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25
Q

Function of:

anus

A

opens to allow waste to leave body

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26
Q

Transit time

A

Time it takes for food to pass through the GI tract

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27
Q

How long is transit time typically?

A

24 - 72 h

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28
Q

What impacts transit time?

A
  • Food that is being digested

- Fibres

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29
Q

How is transit time measured?

A

A dye that can’t be absorbed by the body is added to the meal
How long does it take for dye to appear in poop?

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30
Q

What type of food passes through GI tract without absorption taking place?

A

Indigestible food

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31
Q

Which nutrient influences transit time?

A

Dietary fibre

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32
Q

What is the gut wall made up of?

A
  • small intestine = layer of tissue
  • lumen
  • mucosa / mucosal cells / epithelial cells
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33
Q

Anatomy of the gut wall

A

(out -> in)

  • connective tissue
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
  • mucosa
  • lumen
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34
Q

Mucosa

A

layer of tissue lining the lumen in the GI tract

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35
Q

Function of mucosal cells

A
  • absorb nutrients

- secrete mucus

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36
Q

2 things secreted by the digestive system

A
  1. digestive enzymes

2. mucus

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37
Q

What is gastric motility?

A

More gastric juices secreted

More muscle activity

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37
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down starch -> sugars

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38
Q

Where is salivary amylase found?

A

mouth

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38
Q

What causes increased gastric motility?

A

Senses food -> brain -> tells stomach to increase gastric motility

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39
Q

Where is rennin found?

A

stomach

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39
Q

Distension

A

Stretching

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40
Q

Where is trypsin found?

A

pancreas

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40
Q

What does stretching of the stomach stimulate?

A

send signals to brain

brain: release gastrin
gastrin: increase gastric secretions and motility

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41
Q

Where is carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase found?

A

small intestines

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41
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Increase gastric secretions (HCl), which is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin.

Also increases motility

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42
Q

Function of salivary amylase

A

break starch -> smaller carbohydrate molecules

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42
Q

What are 2 ways to increase gastric secretion & motility?

A
  1. Brain

2. Gastrin

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43
Q

Function of rennin

A

Curdles milk protein casein

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43
Q

Hormones in the intestines do what?

A

Decrease gastric secretion & motility

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44
Q

Casein

A

A milk protein

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44
Q

Where is the pyloric valve?

A

Between stomach & small intestines

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45
Q

Function of pepsin

A

Proteins & polypeptides -> AA

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45
Q

How long does it take for food to go through the stomach?

A

2-6 h

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46
Q

Function of trypsin

A

proteins & polypeptides -> shorter polypeptides

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46
Q

The small intestines is the major site for…

A

Digestion & absorption

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47
Q

Function of chymotrypsin

A

proteins & polypeptides -> shorter polypeptides

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47
Q

What are 3 ways in which the small intestines increase SA?

A
  1. Large folds
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
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48
Q

Function of lipase

A

monoglycerides -> FA & glycerol

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48
Q

Villi are well supported by…

A
  • Bld vessels (oxygen, nutrients)

- Lacteal

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49
Q

Function of carboxypeptidase

A

polypeptides -> AA

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49
Q

How are dietary fats removed from the digestive tract?

A

Through lacteal -> lymphatic system

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50
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A

triglyceride -> monoglycerides & FA & glycerol

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50
Q

___ cells are on the surface of the villi

A

mucosal

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51
Q

Function of pancreatic amylase

A

starch -> shorter glucose chains & maltose

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51
Q

Nutrients pass from lumen through ___ to enter ___ or ____. This is then transported to the rest of the body.

A

Mucosal cells
Blood stream
Lympth

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52
Q

Function of carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

A

Polypeptides -> AA

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52
Q

Another name for microvilli

A

brush border

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53
Q

Which 3 enzymes found in the small intestine tend to be grouped together?

A

carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase

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53
Q

Where are microvilli located?

A

On the mucosal cells that face the lumen in the small intestines

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54
Q

Function of sucrase

A

sucrose -> glucose & fructose

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54
Q

Enterocytes

A

mucosal cells with microvilli

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55
Q

Mucosal cells with microvilli on them are called…

A

enterocytes

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55
Q

Function of lactase

A

lactose -> glucose & galactose

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56
Q

What is secreted from the pancreas?

A
  1. bicarb

2. digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, lipases)

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56
Q

Function of maltase

A

maltose -> glucose

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57
Q

Which proteases are secreted by the pancreas?

A
  • trypsin

- chymotrypsin

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57
Q

Function of dextrinase

A

short chains of glucose -> individual glucose

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58
Q

Why are bicarb ions secreted by the pancreas?

A

Neutralize the HCl entering the small intestines along with the chyme

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58
Q

Location of pepsin

A

stomach

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59
Q

location of chymotrypsin

A

pancreas

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59
Q

Lipases are used for the digestion of…

A

triglycerides

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60
Q

Location of carboxypeptidase

A

pancreas

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60
Q

Which accessory organ in the digestive system can we live without?

A

Gall bladder

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61
Q

Location of lipase

A

small intestines

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61
Q

What is the purpose of the gall bladder?

A

Store bile

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62
Q

Location of sucrase

A

small intestines

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62
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A
  • Emulsify fats

- Break fat into smaller droplets & keep them stabilized to be absorbed (digestive tract is polar)

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63
Q

Location of lactase

A

small intestines

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63
Q

Small intestines secrete…

A
  1. intestinal juices

2. brush border enzymes

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64
Q

Purpose of intestinal juice

A

substance containing water & mucus.

Mix chyme with digestive juices

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64
Q

Location of maltase

A

small intestines

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65
Q

Location of dextrinase

A

small intestines

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65
Q

Purpose of brush border enzymes

A

Break down polypeptides -> AA

Digest carbohydrates

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66
Q

The digestive tract is made up of ____. Without mucus, it would be digested by the enzymes.

A

Proteins

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66
Q

Which 2 hormones are released when food enters the small intestine?

A
  1. secretin

2. CCK

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67
Q

Enzymes protect cells from…

A

Autodigestion

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67
Q

Secretin stimulates secretion of…

A
  1. Bile: liver -> gall bladder

2. Bicarb from pancreas

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68
Q

Mucus is secreted by

A

Mucous membranes (which are made up of epithelial cells)

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68
Q

CCK stimulates the release of…

A
  1. Bile: gall bladder -> intestines

2. Digestive enzymes from pancreas

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69
Q

Cells in the mucosa layer is [long / short] lived. Why?

A

Short.

Mucosa cells have high nutrient requirements (one of the first to be affected by nutrient deficiencies)

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69
Q

What is the valve that separates small and large intestine?

A

ileocecal valve

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70
Q

Intestinal cells need…

A

High levels of nutrients

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70
Q

What enters the large intestine?

A

Food not absorbed in the small intestine

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71
Q

What are some parts of the body that is first affected by nutrient deficiency?

A
  • Intestinal cells

- Cells of the immune system

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71
Q

What are reabsorbed in the small intestine?

A
  • water

- micronutrients (continued from small intestines)

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72
Q

What regulates the function of the digestive system?

A

Nerve signals between brain GI tract

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72
Q

How long does food spend in the small intestines?

A

3-4h

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73
Q

Where can nerve signals be found in the digestive system?

A

Between GI tract and brain.

Between different parts of the GI tract.

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73
Q

How long does food spend in the large intestines?

A

24h

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74
Q

What are the 5 hormones of the digestive system?

A
  1. gastrin
  2. somatostatin
  3. secretin
  4. CCK
  5. Gastric inhibitory peptide
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74
Q

What happens to materials not absorbed in the colon?

A

excreted as feces

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75
Q

CCK

A

cholecystokinin

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75
Q

What is feces usually composed of?

A
  • unabsorbed food matter
  • dead intestinal cells
  • mucus
  • bacteria
  • water
76
Q

Gastrin is secreted by…

A

Stomach mucosa

76
Q

What can examining poop tell scientists?

A
  • What’s going on in the interior of the body (non-invasive method)
  • How bac’t in the gut interacts with the body to promote health
77
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by…

A

Stomach & duodenal mucosa

77
Q

What helps prevent constipation?

A

high fibre diet:
fibre retains water (less water reabsorbed in large intestines), which softens feces.

WATER MUST BE CONSUMED WITH FIBRE FOR FULL BENEFIT.

78
Q

Secretin is secreted by…

A

Duodenal mucosa

78
Q

Why is the large intestine such a good place for intestinal microflora?

A

Things move slowly in the large intestines

79
Q

CCK is secreted by…

A

Duodenal mucosa

79
Q

What is something that the microflora in our intestines can do but we can’t?

A

Break down some indigestible food components (e.g. dietary fibre)

80
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by…

A

Duodenal mucosa

80
Q

Define: fermentation

A

Breakdown of things by bacteria

81
Q

What is 1 product of fermentation?

A

Intestinal gas (doots!)

81
Q

Function of gastrin

A
  • Stimulate HCl secretion by gastric glands in stomach
  • Stimulate pepsinogen secretion by gastric glands in stomach
  • Increase gastric motility & emptying
82
Q

Probiotics

A

Live bacterial culture which may be beneficial to health

82
Q

Function of somatostatin

A
  • Inhibits stomach secretion, motility, emptying
  • Pancreatic secretions
  • Absorption by small intestines
  • Gallbladder contraction
  • Bile release
83
Q

What are 2 common probiotics?

A
  1. bifidobacterium

2. lactobacillus

83
Q

Function of secretin

A
  • Inhibits gastric secretion & motility
  • Increase water & bicarb output from pancreas
  • Increase bile release from liver
84
Q

Function of CCK

A
  • Gallbladder contractions (expel bile)

- Increase output of pancreatic juice

84
Q

Why are probiotics often found in yogurt?

A

They like the lactic acid

85
Q

Function of gastric inhibitory peptide

A
  • Inhibits gastric secretion & motility
85
Q

What is the lifespan of probiotics once it is consumed?

A

Very short; must be consumed regularly

86
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Accessory organs

Cells in the gut

86
Q

Prebiotic

A

Indigestible carbs in fruits and veggies used to feed microflora in intestines

87
Q

Function of hormones for the digestive system?

A
  • Regulate food intake
87
Q

How can prebiotics be found in food?

A

Added to food in purified form

88
Q

What is 1 example of a prebiotic?

A

Inulin

88
Q

Hormones are released into the…

A

bloodstream

89
Q

Do prebiotics contain bacteria? What is the relationship?

A

No, but it promotes growth of microflora by giving it a good food source.

89
Q

Function of mucus (immunity)

A

Physical barrier to infection from micro-organisms that we swallow along with food.

90
Q

Synbiotics

A

Contains both probiotics and prebiotics

90
Q

Cells of immune system important for fighting disease (2 types of WBC)

A
  1. phagocytes

2. lymphocytes

91
Q

Why is the immune system sensitive to nutrient deficiencies?

A

Rapidly dividing WBC that need a lot of nutrients.

91
Q

Food claim: probiotics

A

Calcium & vit D (health claim)

Contribute to healthy gut flora (nutrient function claim)

92
Q

Which WBC is first to respond to an infection?

A

phagocytes

92
Q

What do the Canadian regulations require of food that contain probiotics?

A

Specific name of probiotic need to be listed in ingredients

93
Q

How do phagocytes respond to an infection?

A
  • Eat antigen
  • Break down harmful organisms
  • Present antigen
93
Q

Colostrum

A

Breast milk produced during the first week after delivery that contain immune factors (antibodies) to protect infant from infection (in the GI tract)

94
Q

Define: antigen

A

protein in an micro-organism that induces an immune response

94
Q

What do the carbs in breast milk behave like, and what does it do?

A

Prebiotics.

Promote growth of Lactobacillus to reduce risk of GI infections

95
Q

Antigen presentation causes…

A

production of antibodies

95
Q

What is the carb in breast milk?

A

Lactose

96
Q

What will antibodies do?

A

Bind to any micro-organism displaying that specific antigen.

Causes phagocytes to notice & find pathogens easier.

96
Q

___% of kcal of breast milk comes from fat.

A

52%

97
Q

What results in food allergies?

A

immune response to some protein found in food (allergen)

97
Q

What is the purpose of high fat content in breast milk?

A

Support rapid growth of newborn

98
Q

Example of a phagocyte

A

macrophage

98
Q

Unlike adults, infants can absorb some ____ intact (i.e. does not get broken down to monomers)

A

proteins

99
Q

Example of lymphocytes

A
  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • B cells
99
Q

What enzyme is present in infants but not adults?

A

Rennin

100
Q

What is rennin used for?

A

Digest specific proteins found in breast milk

100
Q

B cells can develop into…

A
  • plasma cells

- memory cells

101
Q

One of the proteins that infants are able to absorb whole is…

A

antibodies

101
Q

What type of lymphocyte can bind to body cells that are infected?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

102
Q

Which enzyme plays a more important role for the digestion of fats in infants > adults?

A

gastric lipase

102
Q

Define: bolus

A

Chewed up food

103
Q

Fat digestion is done mostly by ___ in adults, but hardly present in infants.

A

Pancreatic digestive enzymes

103
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

Prevents food from going to the lungs (prevent choking)

104
Q

Why is there low amylase in the infant gut?

A

No starch in milk (only lactase)

104
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria responsible for decay

105
Q

Where is lactase present in the infant?

A

near the brush border (it is a brush border enzyme)

105
Q

Purpose of saliva

A
  • Contain salivary amylase
  • Contain lysozyme
  • Wash away food particles
106
Q

Why does lactose intolerance happen?

A

Production of lactase declines with age (a lot as a baby -> fewer as adult)

106
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

piece of elastic connective tissue

107
Q

Infants can’t consume solid food…(when)

A

first 6 months of life

107
Q

Esophagus connects…

A

pharynx to stomach

108
Q

___ reflex is used to draw liquid from a nipple placed towards the back of the mouth.

A

suckling

108
Q

What does the esophagus do to push bolus down to the stomach?

A

Persistalsis

109
Q

Why is it not possible to spoon feed newborns?

A

sucking reflex causes spoon (which is placed in front of mouth) to be pushed out by tongue

109
Q

Define: persistalsis

A

Circular & longitudinal contractions that push food down from the esophagus

110
Q

When does the the suckling reflex start to go away?

A

4-6 months

110
Q

What is the purpose of the sphincters in the esophagus?

A

Separate esophagus from stomach; prevent acid reflux

111
Q

When does teeth begin to grow?

A

4-6 months

111
Q

Purpose of sphincters in the digestive system

A

Separate organs in the GI

112
Q

When can solid food be introduced to babies?

A

4-6 months, when teeth begin to grow & suckling reflex goes away

112
Q

Sphincters

A

Muscular valves that separate organs in the GI

113
Q

What opens the sphincters in the esophagus - stomach area?

A

The wave of peristalsis reaches the stomach, and causes the sphincter to relax

113
Q

What does breast milk have the formula cannot replace?

A

Immune factors

114
Q

The stomach is very ____. It is to mix food.

A

Muscular

114
Q

Health Canada recommends exclusive breastfeeding for…

A

6 months

115
Q

Stomach has specialized cells to…

A

produce acid

115
Q

What must babies be supplemented with?

A

Vit D: from birth

Iron: from 4 months

116
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Bolus is mixed with acidic gastric juices to form chyme

116
Q

What is the pattern between exclusive breast feeding and age of baby?

A

Decreases as baby ages

117
Q

Chyme

A

semi-liquid mixture of bolus and gastric juices

117
Q

Breast feeding is more common…

A
  • mothers with partners
  • non-smokers
  • at-home birth
  • non-working mothers
118
Q

What does the word gastric refer to?

A

anything to do with the stomach

118
Q

Gastric bypass surgey

A

Reduce body weight by
- decrease stomach size
- shorten length of intestine
(less food can be consumed)

119
Q

Obesity can lead to health issues such as…

A
  • high risk for chronic diseases (type II diabetes, CVD)
119
Q

What are the muscle layers of the stomach?

A
  • longitudinal muscle layer
  • circular
  • diagonal
120
Q

Problem caused by gastric bypass surgery

A

Gastric dumpling syndrome

120
Q

What are the cells that line the stomach?

A
  • parietal cells

- chief cells

121
Q

Gastric dumping syndrome

A
  • Pyloric sphincter bypassed: food goes straight from stomach -> intestines
121
Q

What do gastric pits do?

A

Have specialized cells that secrete various products

122
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A
  • Produce HCl in the stomach

- Produce intrinsic factor

122
Q

What does gastric dumping syndrome cause?

A

If a lot of food consumed & quickly enters small intestines:
- water goes into small intestines (osmosis)

Micronutrients not absorbed fully (supplements & vit injections needed to prevent deficiency)

123
Q

Symptoms of gastric dumping syndrome

A

Dizziness
Nausea
Diarrhea

123
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells that is necessary for the absorption of vit B12

124
Q

What do chief cells do?

A
  • Produce pepsinogen
125
Q

How is pepsin made?

A

Pepsinogen + HCl

126
Q

What is the purpose of pepsin?

A

Active enzyme that breaks protein -> short AA (polypeptides)

127
Q

What is the precursor for pepsin?

A

Pepsinogen

128
Q

Where are the stomach cells located?

A

Gastric pit

129
Q

What is the order/location of the cells found in the stomach (gastric pits -> muscles)

A
  1. mucus-secreting cells
  2. parietal cells
  3. Gastric glands
  4. Chief cells
130
Q

In which layer are all the stomach cells PLUS the epithelium located?

A

Mucosa

131
Q

Digesting of which macronutrient does not happen in the stomach and why?

A

Carbohydrates;

salivary amylase is inactivated in the acidic environment

132
Q

Digestion of which macronutrient begins in the stomach?

A

Proteins

133
Q

What are peptic ulcers caused by?

A

pepsin & acid penetrating the mucous layer

134
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

acid-resistant bacteria that eats through mucus

135
Q

What is the leading cause for stomach ulcers?

A

H. pylori

136
Q

H. pylori is associated with what stomach problems?

A
  • Inflammation

- Ulcers

224
Q

How was the association between H. pylori and ulcers determined?

A

Epidemilogical studies

225
Q

During digestion, carbohydrates are divided into two categories. What are they?

A

Starches

Sugars

226
Q

What enzymes act on carbohydrates?

A
  1. salivary amylase (mouth)
  2. pancreatic amylase (small intestines)
  3. brush border enzymes (small intestines)
227
Q

What enzymes act on sugars?

A
  1. brush border enzymes (small intestines)
228
Q

What enzymes act on proteins?

A
  1. acid / pepsin (stomach)

2. trypsin & other enzymes (small intestines)

229
Q

What enzymes act on dietary fibres?

A

bacterial enzymes in the large intestines

230
Q

Final breakdown product of fats?

A

long-chain FA

short-chain FA

231
Q

Breakdown process of carbohydrates?

A

Starches -> smaller starches -> double sugars -> single sugars

232
Q

Salivary amylase break starches to…

A

smaller starches

233
Q

pancreatic amylase break smaller starches to…

A

double sugars

234
Q

Brush border enzymes (amylase) break down double sugars to…

A

single sugars

235
Q

What goes into the portal vein?

A
  1. single sugars
  2. amino acids
  3. short-chain FA
236
Q

What goes into the lymph vessel?

A

Long-chain FA

237
Q

Where does the portal vein lead?

A

Liver

238
Q

Where do short chain FA end up after digestion?

A

Hepatic portal vein

239
Q

Where does the lymph vessel lead?

A

Blood stream

240
Q

Where does long-chain FA go after digestion?

A

Lymph vessel

241
Q

How does H. pylori survive in the acidic environment of the stomach?

A
  • Uses tail to swim through mucus layer
  • Attaches to mucosal cells
  • Produce acid-neutralizing compounds
242
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Open sore in the GI tract

243
Q

What is the significance of H. pylori?

A

Leading cause for ulcers

244
Q

Why were epidemiological studied important in the study of H. pylori?

A

Dr. Marshall did not develop an ulcer when he tested H. pylori on himself. Further evidence was needed to link the bacterial to the formation of ulcers.

245
Q

How has treatment for ulcers changed since the discovery of H. pylori?

A
  • Antibiotic + acid suppression therapy

- Before: bland diets & antacids

246
Q

How are fat soluble nutrients absorbed?

A

Through lymphatic system -> bld stream

247
Q

How are water soluble nutrients absorbed?

A

Through portal vein -> liver -> bld stream

248
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Network of vessels through which bld is pumped

249
Q

Why does water soluble nutrients have to go through the liver before going to the rest of the body?

A

Liver = gatekeeper
Makes sure the level of nutrients entering the body is the amount needed (store extra)
ESPECIALLY GLUCOSE

250
Q

What is glucose stored as and where?

A

Glycogen in the liver

251
Q

Role of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Project body from infection

- Absorb fat-soluble nutrients

252
Q

What happen to fat as they are absorbed?

A

Incorporated into chylomicrons

253
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Largest lymphatic vessel in the lymphatic system

254
Q

Where do chylomicrons go after the lacteal?

A

Drain into larger ducts (thoracic duct) -> bld stream

255
Q

Why can’t fats go through the hepatic portal vein?

A

Chylomicrons are too big to enter capillaries

256
Q

Path of chylomicron in the body

A

Goes to different tissues/organs from the bld stream to give fat where needed

257
Q

What happens when all the fat is used up from the chylomicron?

A

= chylomicron remnant

Goes to liver where they are metabolized

258
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series of reactions that convert compounds from 1 form to another

259
Q

Metabolic pathways are divided into…

A
  • Catabolic pathways

- Anabolic pathways

260
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Breakdown of bigger molecules (glucose, AA, FA) -> smaller ones

261
Q

What is a product of the catabolic pathway?

A

ATP

262
Q

ATP is used for…

A
  • Anabolic pathways

- Muscle contractions, kidney functions, other body processes

263
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Use energy to synthesize more complex molecules from smaller molecules (glucose, AA, FA)

264
Q

What’s the process in which ATP is produced?

A

Cellular respiration

265
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose, AA, FA -> ATP

266
Q

What is used to produce ATP when there is no oxygen?

A

Glycolysis (glucose -> 2 ATP)

267
Q

When oxygen is available, glucose and FA are converted into…

A

acetyl CoA

268
Q

What happens to acetyl CoA?

A

Citric acid cycle

Produce CO2 and high energy electrons

269
Q

What happens to the high energy electrons?

A

Electron transport chain

Oxidation-reduction reactions that release energy -> ATP

270
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

When a compound loses an electron

271
Q

Reduction reaction

A

When a compound gains an electron

272
Q

Why is oxygen essential to the electron transport chain?

A

Last reaction in the chain converts oxygen -> water

273
Q

Summarize the process of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis (-> acetyl CoA)
  2. Citric acid cycle (acetyl CoA -> high energy electrons)
  3. Electron transport chain (electrons -> ATP)
274
Q

The process in which FA is used for energy

A

B-oxidation

275
Q

The process in which AA is used for energy

A

Deamination

276
Q

Anabolic pathway for glucose

A

Glucose -> glycogen

277
Q

Anabolic pathway for FA

A

FA -> triglycerides

278
Q

Anabolic pathway for AA

A

AA -> proteins

279
Q

Routes of elimination

A
  1. Feces (food not absorbed)
  2. CO2 (respiration by lungs)
  3. Water (perspiration & sweat)
  4. Urine (kidneys for N-containing compounds)
280
Q

How is waste eliminated from the digestive system?

A

Feces through anus

281
Q

How is waste eliminated from the respiratory system?

A

CO2 exhaled from lungs

282
Q

How is waste eliminated from the integumentary system?

A

Water & other waste are lost through perspiration & sweat

283
Q

How is waste eliminated from the urinary system?

A

N-containing compounds lost through urine after process by the kidneys

284
Q

Urine is a…

A

byproduct of metabolism

NFS284 (16 decks)

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