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NFS284 > NFS284: Fat 1 > Flashcards

NFS284: Fat 1 Flashcards

1
Q

__% of fat intake comes from fast foods & snack foods

A

25

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2
Q

__% of fat intake comes from milk & alternatives

A

17.9

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3
Q

__% of fat intake comes from meat & alternatives

A

31.6

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4
Q

What happened to % consumption of fat in Canadian diet?

A

went down from 40% to 31%

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5
Q

3 types of lipids found in foods

A
  1. TG
  2. phospholipids
  3. serols
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6
Q

What is the major form of lipid in food & body?

A

TG (in terms of weight)

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7
Q

TG consists of…

A

3 FA

Glycerol

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8
Q

FA structure

A

long chain of C with 1 methyl end and 1 carbox acid end

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9
Q

Glycerol strcture

A

3C alcohol (OH on every C)

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10
Q

What is the backbone of TG?

A

Glycerol

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11
Q

__ is common to all TG, but __ differ.

A

Glycerol

FA

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12
Q

How is glycerol and FA joined?

A

Condensation rxn between OH on carboxyl end and OH on glycerol

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13
Q

FA can differ in…

A
  1. Length of C
  2. Level of saturation
  3. Shape
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14
Q

Length of C tail on FA is divided into…

A
  1. short chain
  2. medium chain
  3. long chain
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15
Q

Define: level of saturation

A

how many H atoms surround each C

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16
Q

What is the shortest and second shortest TG named?

A

Formic acid

Acetic acid

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17
Q

__ C chains are more soluble in water

A

shorter

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18
Q

___ C chains on TG are liquid fats at room temperature

A

shorter

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19
Q

criteria for short chain TG

A

< 6 C

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20
Q

criteria: medium chain TG

A

6-12 C

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21
Q

which foods contain medium chain TG

A

tropical oils

milk

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22
Q

criteria: long chain TG

A

> 14

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23
Q

Most fatty foods are __ chain TG

A

long

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24
Q

Example of food that contains mixture of all 2 types of TG

A

Milk

mostly 14:0 and 16:0

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25
C16:0
palmic acid
26
C18:1
oleic acid
27
C18:2w6
linoleic acid
28
C18:0
stearic acid
29
C18:3w3
a-linolenic acid (ALA)
30
C20:4w6
Arachadonic acid
31
C20:5w3
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
32
C22:6w3
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
33
palmic acid
C16:0
34
oleic acid
C18:1
35
linoleic acid
C18:2w6
36
stearic acid
C18:0
37
a-linolenic acid (ALA)
C18:3w3
38
Arachadonic acid
C20:4w6
39
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
C20:5w3
40
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
C22:6w3
41
Shape of TG is determined by...
- saturation | - type of DB
42
Most natural FA have what orientation around the DB?
cis
43
In what situation can trans-FA be seen?
produced during manufacturing
44
How to turn liquid oil into solid?
hydrogenation
45
relationship: degree of unsaturation and liquid / solid state of oil at room temp
More unsaturated = liquid
46
Hydrogenation
addition of H to unsaturated FA
47
example where hydrogenation is used
make margarine from plant oil
48
Problem with hydrogenation
creates trans FA
49
during hydrogenation, you only want ___ saturation
partial
50
What's so bad at trans FA?
- lower HDL | - raise LDL
51
list the 2 essential FA
``` a-linolenic acid (C18:3w3) linoleic acid (C18:2w6) ```
52
omega-3 FA is known as...
a-linolenic acid (C18:3w3)
53
omega-6 FA is known as...
linoleic acid (C18:2w6)
54
Good soucres of w3 FA
flax fish fish oils
55
good sources of w6 FA
vegetable & nut oils
56
w6 has __ DB; w3 has __ DB
2 (w6, w9) | 3 (w3, w6, w9)
57
Which oils are highest in MUFA?
olive canola peanut
58
Which oils are highest in PUFA?
sunflower corn margarine from corn margarine from soy
59
Which oils are highest in SFA?
Coconut oil (most!) whole milk ground beef chicken breast
60
Which oils are highest in w3?
salmon | flax
61
Which oil is typically recommend? Which is recommend in Canada? Why?
Olive oil Canola oil Canola has more w3 than olive, and lower in SFA
62
Major source of trans FA?
Commercial sweets Milk & dairy; meat Margarine
63
structure: phospholipid
- glycerol backbone - 2 FA tails - phosphate - polar head group
64
Phospholipids are ___, meaning both hydrophilic and hydrophoblic
amphipathic
65
Due to the amphipathic nature of phospholipids, they can...
be emulsifiers | form lipid bilayer
66
are phosophlipids required in our diet?
no
67
example of a phospholipid head group
phosphatidylcholine (lectin)
68
Structure: sterols
multiple C rings
69
are sterols needed in our diet?
no
70
function: sterols
- component of cell membranes | - base structure of many hormones
71
types of sterols in our diet
1. cholesterol (animal) | 2. plant sterols
72
Steps of fat digestion
1. mouth 2. liver 3. pancreas
73
digestion of fat in the mouth
lingual lipase: break down some TG very little digestion important for taste
74
which fat digesting enzyme is found in the mouth?
lingual lipase
75
what causes secretion of bile into small intestines?
CCK | secretin
76
function of bile
- emulsify fats | - allow fat micelles to reach watery digestive juices so pancreatic lipase can reach it
77
example : bile acid
cholic acid
78
which fat digesting enzyme is secreted by the pancreas?
lipoase
79
function: lipase
TG -> FA and monoglycerides
80
LC FA are removed from the small intestines via...
lacteal (after being packaged into chylomicrons)
81
SC FA & monoglycerols are removed from the small intestines via...
hepatic portain vein
82
Do we want SC FA?
No, because it goes to liver. We don't want fat in liver.
83
Where are chylomicrons carried to after it leaves the intestines?
adipose tissue for storage
84
Where are SC FA carried to after it leaves the intestines?
Liver for processing / storage -> adipose tissue for storage
85
___ transports lipids & fat soluble vitamins in the blood
lipoproteins
86
what do lipoproteins contain?
fats sterols phospholipics proteins
87
where are lipoproteins made?
small intestines | liver
88
types of lipoproteins
1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. IDL 4. LDL 5. HDL
89
cholesterol in liver is used to make...
bile
90
chylomicrons mostly carry...
TG
91
which enzyme removes FA from chylomicrons?
lipoprotein lipoase
92
Where do FA from chylomicrons go?
90% to adipose tissue | 10% to muscles
93
define: lipaemia
excessive amount of fat in the blood
94
what causes lipaemia?
lack of LPL, so chylomicrons continue circulating in the blood

NFS284 (16 decks)

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