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NFS284 > NFS284: Protein 1 > Flashcards

NFS284: Protein 1 Flashcards

1
Q

62% of protein in diet comes from…

A 
meat
poultry
fish
eggs
dairy
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2
Q

Unlike Canada, most of the world gets proteins from…

A

plants

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3
Q

Relationship between economy and animal foods in diet?

A

better economy = more animal foods in diet

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4
Q

Define: proteins

A

large, complex molecules composed of AA

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5
Q

elements in protein

A

C
H
O
N

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6
Q

Proteins is the primary source of ___ in our diets

A

N

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7
Q

AA have which groups?

A 
alpha C
amino group
acid group
H
R group
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8
Q

Define: conditionally essential

A

In some situations, these compounds become essential

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9
Q

List all the essential AA

A
  • His
  • Iso
  • Leu
  • Lys
  • Met
  • Phe
  • Thr
  • Trp
  • Val

HI M F W L V K T
hi my friend will like very kinky things

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10
Q

How are non-essential AA produced in the body?

A

transamination

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11
Q

how are peptide bonds formed?

A

OH from acid end joins with H on amino end

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12
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

alpha helix

beta sheet

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13
Q

Process of protein digestion & absorption

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Stomach
  3. small intestines
  4. transport proteins at small intestines
  5. liver
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14
Q

What happens to proteins at the mouth?

A

mechanical digestion

grind into smaller particles

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15
Q

Protein digestion begins at…

A

the stomach

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16
Q

what happens to proteins at the stomach?

A
  • HCl denatures protein structure
  • Pepsinogen + HCl -> pepsin
  • pepsin breaks protein into polypeptides & AA
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17
Q

what happens to proteins at the small intestines?

A

Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin) cut peptide chains -> di- and tripeptides

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18
Q

what are pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins called?

A

protease

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19
Q

what happens to proteins at the transport proteins (small intestines)?

A
  1. absorbed into villi as di-/tripeptide

2. Broken down into AA and absorbed

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20
Q

AA are used as precursors to…

A

NT

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21
Q

use of protein in the body

A
  • energy production
  • make glucose / FA
  • make N-containing molecules
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22
Q

The whole process of protein synthesis is referred to as…

A

expression

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23
Q

Common mutations are referred to as…

A

polymorphism

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24
Q

Uncommon mutations are referred to as…

A

genetic disorder

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25
Q

changes in DNA may lead to…

A
  • altered gene expression

- altered protein structure

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26
Q

examples of genetic disorders

A
  • Phenylketonuria
  • cystic fibrosis
  • sickle cell anemia
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27
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Cannot metabolize Phe, so no Tyr produced

Phenylketones are produced, which are toxic to the brain

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28
Q

treatment for PKU

A

avoid Phe in diet

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29
Q

Sickle cell anemia results in…

A
  • abnormal blood clotting
  • stroke
  • severe pain
  • anemia
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30
Q

What AA is changed in those with sickle cell?

A

E -> V

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31
Q

what does “A-250G” mean?

A

G has been replaced by A at position 250 on DNA

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32
Q

caffeine is metabolized by __ in the liver

A

cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP1A2)

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33
Q

Do people with A or C at position 734 metabolize coffee faster?

A

A

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34
Q

Relationship between caffeine and risk of MI

A

Increase intake will increase risk for MI (but only in slow metabolising population)

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35
Q

What did the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study show?

A

Weight loss in people with a certain gene is much more effective at reducing risk of diabetes than those with the other polymorph

(risk for both groups decreased, but one more than the other)

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36
Q

Energy production from protein

A
  1. Deamination gets rid of N group

2. Becomes pyruvate / acetyl coa / goes in TCA

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37
Q

Process of deamination

A

Happens in the liver

  1. NH2 + H -> NH3
  2. NH3 is toxic
  3. CO2 + 2NH3 -> urea (condensation)
  4. Urea goes to kidney to be excreted
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38
Q

Functions of proteins (8)

A
  1. cell growth, repair, maintenance
  2. enzymes
  3. transport
  4. antibodies
  5. contractile proteins
  6. hormones
  7. fluid electrolyte balance
  8. pH balance
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39
Q

what is the first thing that is compromised when we have low protein intake?

A

production of antibodies

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40
Q

How does proteins act as transport?

A

membrane transporters
binding proteins
lipoproteins

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41
Q

Proteins are mainly used to make __ hormones

A

peptide

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42
Q

3 example of peptide hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
thyroxine

43
Q

3 examples of other hormones proteins make

A

E
NE
Serotonin

44
Q

Peptide hormones are made from __, while other hormones made by proteins are made from ___

A

peptide chains

single AA

45
Q

NE and E are made from which AA?

A

Tyr

46
Q

Serotonin is made from which AA?

A

Try

47
Q

Give example of how protein influences electrolyte balance

A

Na/K channel is a protein

48
Q

PEM

A

protein-energy malnutrition

49
Q

PEM is caused by…

A

inadequate intake of protein and energy

50
Q

2 types of PEM

A
  1. Marasmus

2. Kwashiorkor

51
Q

Marasmus

A

chronic inadequate food intake (inadequate everything, and protein is included in that category)

52
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Severe acute malnutrition (too little protein in diet)

53
Q

Symptom difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor

A

Kwashiorkor has edema & enlarged fatty liver

54
Q

why might fatty liver be a result of not enough protein?

A

Can’t make transporters to move fat out of liver

55
Q

People at high risk for PEM in Canada

A
  • Poverty
  • rural areas
  • elderly living alone
  • homeless
  • eating disorders
  • drug/alcohol addiction
  • AIDS/cancer (painful to eat)
56
Q

Chronic excess protein can result in…

A
  • increased risk of CVD and cancer
  • bone health issues
  • hydration and kidney function issues
57
Q

Animal protein is associated with…

A

high cholesterol

58
Q

effect of eating vegetable protein instead of fat

A
  • decrease cholesterol
  • decrease LDL
  • decrease TG
    (no effect on HDL and VLDL)
59
Q

__ g of soy protein a day is associated with __ % cholesterol lowering (___ mmol/L)

A

30
9
0.5

60
Q

Sources of soy protein

A
  • soy milk
  • tofu
  • isolated soy protein
  • TVP (textured vegetable protein)
  • meat analogue
61
Q

Why does excess protein cause bone health issues?

A

Protein excreted in urine, so Ca++ also lost in urine

62
Q

Why does excess protein cause hydration & kidney function issues?

A

Excess protein is excreted, so incr. workload on kidneys.

Excretion of protein brings water out as well -> dehydration

63
Q

Protein quality is dependent on…

A
  1. amount of essential AA

2. protein digestibility (better digestibility is good)

64
Q

Protein requirements depend on…

A
  • activity level
  • age
  • health status
65
Q

a sedentary adult requires __ g of protein per kg of lean body weight

A

0.8

66
Q

Who needs more protein than normal?

A
  • children
  • teens
  • pregnant / lactating women
  • athletes
  • vegetarians
67
Q

define: N balance

A

difference between N intake and N excretion

68
Q

100g of protein contains __g of N

A

16

69
Q

1 g of N = __ g protein

A

6.25

70
Q

____ studies are the basis of DRI for protein

A

N balance

71
Q

effect on N balance: low energy intake

A

must increase N intake (right shift)

72
Q

effect on N balance: trauma / illness / low gravity

A

down shift (negative N balance)

73
Q

effect on N balance: growth / pregnancy / body building

A

extend line until positive N (want positive N balance)

74
Q

Negative N balance

A

intake < output

Body protein mass decreases

75
Q

Positive N balance

A

intake > output

Body protein mass increases

76
Q

Are plant proteins more/less digestible than animal proteins?

A

Less, except soy. Soy is about the same.

77
Q

2 measures of protein quality (equations)

A
  1. chemical/AA score

2. protein digestibility-corrected AA score (PDCAAS)

78
Q

Formula: AA score

A

[(mg of limiting AA / g of test protein) / (mg of limiting AA / g of reference protein)] * 100

(test / reference) * 100

79
Q

formula: PDCAAS

A

AA score * digestibility factor

80
Q

How to determine which is limiting AA?

A

AA score is lowest for that AA

81
Q

What does PDCAAS tell you?

A

amount of essential AA mg / g of protein

82
Q

What is the reference protein calculated from?

A

needs of preschool children

83
Q

How is digestibility factor measured?

A

in rats

84
Q

Which foods have the best protein quality?

A

animal & soy

plant proteins are usually worse quality

85
Q

Incomplete protein

A

does not contain all essential AA in sufficient amounts

86
Q

Incomplete proteins are also known as…

A

low quality protein

87
Q

Complete proteins

A

contains sufficient amounts of all essential AA

88
Q

How many essential AA are there?

A

9

89
Q

Complete proteins are also known as…

A

high quality proteins

90
Q

What is mutual complementation?

A

consuming 2 incomplete proteins which together make a complete protein

91
Q

example of complementary proteins

A

rice + beans
rice high in Met + Cys
beans high in Lys

oatmeal & milk

pasta & vegetables & parmesan cheese

92
Q

complementary proteins

A

foods that when together supply all 9 essential AA

93
Q

types of vegetarianism

A
  1. partial: no meat
  2. lacto-ovo: no fish and meat
  3. vegan: no animal products
94
Q

reasons for becoming a vegetarian

A
  • health benefits
  • ecological reasons
  • religious reasons
  • ethical reasons
  • concerns over food safety
95
Q

Health benefits of vegetarianism

A
  • lower fat & kcal
  • lower BP
  • lower risk for CVD
  • lower risk for come cancers
  • less digestive problems (e.g. constipation)
96
Q

Challenges of vegetarianism

A
  • protein
  • iron
  • zinc
  • calcium
  • vit D
  • vit B12*
97
Q

Where can vegetarians get proteins

A

complementary proteins

98
Q

Where can vegetarians get iron

A 
whole grains
leafy veggies
beans
nuts
seeds
99
Q

Where can vegetarians get zinc

A

whole grains
beans
nuts
seeds

100
Q

Where can vegetarians get calcium

A

fortified soy
green veggies
beans
almonds

101
Q

Where can vegetarians get vit D

A

fortified
sunlight
supplements
fish

102
Q

Where can vegetarians get vit B12

A

fortified cereals
yeast soy
meat analogues

103
Q

Which vit can only be found in meat products?

A

vit B12

NFS284 (16 decks)

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