Section 2: Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
Planning Movements - Agrarian Philosophy
Stresses the role of nature, soil quality and climate in the formation of moral character as well as social and political systems
Planning Movements - Laissez Faire Philosophy
Economic theory from 18th Century that opposed any government intervention in business affairs
Planning Movements - Public Health Movement
Focused on public health and safety of the worker
Focused on factory safety, housing standards, provision of light and air in cities, parks and open space
Planning Movements - Garden City Movement
Ebenezer Howard, 1898 in “To-morrow: A peaceful path to real reform”
communities are surrounded by greenbelts, containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture
Planning Movements - City Efficient Movement
Early 20th century, sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society
Many cities set up efficiency bureaus to identify waste and apply the best practies
Planning Movements - City Beautiful Movement
Daniel Burnham, 1909 Plan of Chicago
Movement established two aspects of local comprehensive planning process today:
Professional consultant, planning commission
Planning Movements - Neighbourhood Unit Concept
Clarence Perry, 1900s
Early diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metro areas
Planning Movements - City Functional Movement
1940s
Emphasis on functionalism and administrative efficiency
Contributed to federal government increased involvement in local planning and passage of Section 791 of Housing Act in 1954
Act subsidized general plans and special projects for cities, counties, regional councils of government and states until 1981
Planning Movements - Edge Cities
Joel Garreau “Edge City: Life on the New Frontier” written in 1991
area becomes edge city when there is a concentration of businesses in a previously known rural or residential area
term thrived towards end of 20th century
Planning Movements - New Towns
Towns that were built in UK after WW2 that have been purposefully planned, developed and built as a remedy to overcrowding and congestion in some instances
Designed to decongest larger industrialized cities by rehousing people
Planning Movements - New Urbanism
Began in US in early 1980s
Urban design movement , promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types
Planning Movements - Smart Growth
Concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centres to avoid sprawl
advocates compact, transit oriented, walkable, bicycle friendly land use
Broadacre City
Frank Lloyd Wright
City of Tomorrow
Le Corbusier
Planning Models - Concentric Zone Model
EW Burgess, 1925
based on study of land use patterns and social groups in Chicago
city grows outward beginning with CBD
similar and functionally related activities will locate at same distance from CBD
CBD, Transition Zone, Low Income Housing Zone, Middle Income Zone, Commuting Zone
Planning Models - Sector Model
Homer Hoyt, 1939
modification oc concentri zone model
includes the fact that it allows for an outward projection of growth
Planning Models - Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945
model is baed off development of city of Chicago
each nuclear acts as a growth point
growth occurs outward from each nucleus until they all merge into one large urban area
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Land Ordinance of 1795
Adopted by US Congress of the Confederation 1785
Created standardized system where settlers could purchase title to farmland in west
congress at the time did not have power to raise revenue by taxation, so land sales were revenue
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Public Land Survey System
surveying method developed and used in US to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling
also known as rectangular survey system, created by land ordnance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the treaty of Paris in 1783, following the end of the American Revolution
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Homestead Act of 1862
Law turned over vast amounts of public land to private citizens
270 million acres, 10% of US was claimed and settled under this act
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Dispersed Settlements
a number of separated farmsteads scattered throughout the area
dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Compact or Nucleated Settlements
Shapwick, Somerset
features close grouping of buildings,, organized around a river or town square
Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Linear Settlement
small or medium sized settlement formed along a transport route
Patterns of Human Settlement/Effects of Discrimination - Segregation and Redlining
began in early 1900s
Berkeley, used a loophole ordinance for 14th Amendment that kept neighbourhoods segregated without mentioning race
FHA created 30 year mortgage and redlining, mapping exercise
Patterns of Human Settlement/Location of Places in Shaping Urban Form - factors that shape how a community grows over time
water supply
land for agriculture
topography
building material availability
defense
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Housing Act o 1937
Catherine Bauer Wurster, director of US Housing Authority
established nations public housing system
created model we use today, federal dollars funding local housing authorities
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - GI Bill of 1944
created program for WW2 veterans
low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans, created 2 million home loans
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
requires buildings and facilities designed, constructed, altered or leased with certain federal funds after September 1969 must be accessible to and useable by persons with disabilities
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color and national origin in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Civil Rights Act of 1968
Contains the fair housing act
prohibited discrimination concerning sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex
1988 - protects persons with disabilities and families with children and pregnant women
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
expanded housing funding programs
intention was construction or rehab of 26 million housing units
policies were to be implemented by US dept of Housing and Urban Development
expanded funding for public housing, increased focus on private developers
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
prohibits discrimination based upon disability in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973
requires federal agencies to ensure electronic and information technology the develop, procure or use allows individuals with disabilities to have ready access to and use of the information and data
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 109 of Title 1 of Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color national origin, sex, and religion in any program or activity funded in whole or in part under title 1 of the community development act of 1974
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - HUDs Rental Assistance Demonstration Program 2012
HUD RAD allows public housing authorities to convert a portion of their traditional, project-based housing to project-based voucher (PBV) or project-based rental assistance (PBRA) units.
This allows for housing authorities the ability to borrow private funds to repair those units
Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Police Power - What is it
basis for land use planning authority in US
delegated by state to local governments (counties and municipalities) which most frequently exercise police power in land-use planning matters
different than eminent domain, under authority of police power, private property isn’t entitled to compensation
Relevant Law Cases” Village of Euclid, Ohio v Amber Realty Co in 1926
Property Rights Law Cases - Hadacheck V Sebastian (1915)
court held an ordinance that prohibited production of bricks didn’t deprive petitioner of his property without due process of law, or deny him equal protection of laws
Property Rights Law Cases - Welch v Swasey 1909
Supreme Court first approved building height controls, court deferred to policee powers of local municipality
Property Rights Law Cases - Eubank v City of Richmond (1912)
Supreme Court approved setback regulations
Property Rights Law Cases - Moore v City of East Cleveland (1977)
housing ordinance limited occupancy of a dwelling unit to members of a single family. court held ordinance violated residential rights and constituted a taking of property without just compensation
Eminent Domain Law Cases - Kohl v United States (1875)
court ruled federal government could, with just compensation, seize private property within the states to build a post office
Eminent Domain Law Cases - Berman v Parker (1954)
Supreme Court expanded definition of “public use” to include “public purpose”
court ruled government could transfer property from one private property to another as part of a redevelopment plan
Eminent Domain Law Cases - Penn Central V New York City (1978)
penn central transportation company wanted to build office tower above terminal to make money
city landmark preservation committee rule that it couldn’t because it would alter existing landmark too much
Penn said this constituted a taking
court disagreed, said that taking occurs only when current use of property is damaged
Eminent Domain Law Cases - Kelo v City of New London (2005)
city authorized use of eminent domain to revitalize its distressed economy
city council allowed a private nonprofit to exercise eminent domain
court allowed
Eminent Domain Law Cases - Penn East Pipeline Co LLC v New Jersey (2021)
Supreme Court affirmed right of a pipeline company to use eminent domain powers grantee under natural gas act to seize state owned lands for private development
ruling reaffirmed states cannot preemptively acquire land to block interstate pipeline projects
Planning Theory - Public Interest Theory
public interest is defined as “objective of duly authorized governments carrying out activities necessary to the welfare of the community”
Planning Theory - Rational Comprehensive Approach
five stages
1-definition of problems and opportunities
2-identification of alternatives
3-evaluation of alternatives
4-implementation
5-monitoring
Planning Theory - Incrementalism
Lindblom
criticism of rational in 1950s led to
Muddling Through
practical planning required decisions to be made incrementally. choosing from small number of policy approaches
Planning Theory - Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff
various interest groups, planners play role of advocates
Planning Theory - Equity Planning
a framework in which urban planners working within government use their research, analytical and organizing skills to influence opinion, mobilize underrepresented constituencies, and advocate for policies and programs
ADA
passed in 1990
requires facilities must be accessible to the public, including public housing
civil rights law that provides similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as Civil Rights act of 1964 did.
Unlike civil rights act, ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodation to employees with disabilities
HOPE VI
launched in 1992
5 billion program public housing policy
replaces distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed income housing and provides housing vouchers
Spatial Justice
how our cities are organized has a significant bearing on whether people have access to what they need
History of Planning /
