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AICP > Section 2: Fundamental Planning Knowledge > Flashcards

Section 2: Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Planning Movements - Agrarian Philosophy

A

Stresses the role of nature, soil quality and climate in the formation of moral character as well as social and political systems

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2
Q

Planning Movements - Laissez Faire Philosophy

A

Economic theory from 18th Century that opposed any government intervention in business affairs

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3
Q

Planning Movements - Public Health Movement

A

Focused on public health and safety of the worker
Focused on factory safety, housing standards, provision of light and air in cities, parks and open space

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4
Q

Planning Movements - Garden City Movement

A

Ebenezer Howard, 1898 in “To-morrow: A peaceful path to real reform”

communities are surrounded by greenbelts, containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture

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5
Q

Planning Movements - City Efficient Movement

A

Early 20th century, sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society

Many cities set up efficiency bureaus to identify waste and apply the best practies

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6
Q

Planning Movements - City Beautiful Movement

A

Daniel Burnham, 1909 Plan of Chicago

Movement established two aspects of local comprehensive planning process today:
Professional consultant, planning commission

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7
Q

Planning Movements - Neighbourhood Unit Concept

A

Clarence Perry, 1900s

Early diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metro areas

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8
Q

Planning Movements - City Functional Movement

A

1940s

Emphasis on functionalism and administrative efficiency

Contributed to federal government increased involvement in local planning and passage of Section 791 of Housing Act in 1954

Act subsidized general plans and special projects for cities, counties, regional councils of government and states until 1981

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9
Q

Planning Movements - Edge Cities

A

Joel Garreau “Edge City: Life on the New Frontier” written in 1991

area becomes edge city when there is a concentration of businesses in a previously known rural or residential area

term thrived towards end of 20th century

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10
Q

Planning Movements - New Towns

A

Towns that were built in UK after WW2 that have been purposefully planned, developed and built as a remedy to overcrowding and congestion in some instances

Designed to decongest larger industrialized cities by rehousing people

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11
Q

Planning Movements - New Urbanism

A

Began in US in early 1980s

Urban design movement , promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types

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12
Q

Planning Movements - Smart Growth

A

Concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centres to avoid sprawl

advocates compact, transit oriented, walkable, bicycle friendly land use

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13
Q

Broadacre City

A

Frank Lloyd Wright

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14
Q

City of Tomorrow

A

Le Corbusier

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15
Q

Planning Models - Concentric Zone Model

A

EW Burgess, 1925

based on study of land use patterns and social groups in Chicago

city grows outward beginning with CBD

similar and functionally related activities will locate at same distance from CBD

CBD, Transition Zone, Low Income Housing Zone, Middle Income Zone, Commuting Zone

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16
Q

Planning Models - Sector Model

A

Homer Hoyt, 1939

modification oc concentri zone model

includes the fact that it allows for an outward projection of growth

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17
Q

Planning Models - Multiple Nuclei Model

A

Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945

model is baed off development of city of Chicago

each nuclear acts as a growth point

growth occurs outward from each nucleus until they all merge into one large urban area

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18
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Land Ordinance of 1795

A

Adopted by US Congress of the Confederation 1785

Created standardized system where settlers could purchase title to farmland in west

congress at the time did not have power to raise revenue by taxation, so land sales were revenue

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19
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Public Land Survey System

A

surveying method developed and used in US to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling

also known as rectangular survey system, created by land ordnance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the treaty of Paris in 1783, following the end of the American Revolution

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20
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Homestead Act of 1862

A

Law turned over vast amounts of public land to private citizens

270 million acres, 10% of US was claimed and settled under this act

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21
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Dispersed Settlements

A

a number of separated farmsteads scattered throughout the area

dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village

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22
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Compact or Nucleated Settlements

A

Shapwick, Somerset

features close grouping of buildings,, organized around a river or town square

23
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Growth and Development Over Time - Linear Settlement

A

small or medium sized settlement formed along a transport route

24
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Effects of Discrimination - Segregation and Redlining

A

began in early 1900s

Berkeley, used a loophole ordinance for 14th Amendment that kept neighbourhoods segregated without mentioning race

FHA created 30 year mortgage and redlining, mapping exercise

25
Q

Patterns of Human Settlement/Location of Places in Shaping Urban Form - factors that shape how a community grows over time

A

water supply
land for agriculture
topography
building material availability
defense

26
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Housing Act o 1937

A

Catherine Bauer Wurster, director of US Housing Authority

established nations public housing system

created model we use today, federal dollars funding local housing authorities

27
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - GI Bill of 1944

A

created program for WW2 veterans

low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans, created 2 million home loans

28
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Architectural Barriers Act of 1968

A

requires buildings and facilities designed, constructed, altered or leased with certain federal funds after September 1969 must be accessible to and useable by persons with disabilities

29
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color and national origin in programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance

30
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Civil Rights Act of 1968

A

Contains the fair housing act

prohibited discrimination concerning sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex

1988 - protects persons with disabilities and families with children and pregnant women

31
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

A

expanded housing funding programs

intention was construction or rehab of 26 million housing units

policies were to be implemented by US dept of Housing and Urban Development

expanded funding for public housing, increased focus on private developers

32
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

prohibits discrimination based upon disability in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance

33
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 508 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

requires federal agencies to ensure electronic and information technology the develop, procure or use allows individuals with disabilities to have ready access to and use of the information and data

34
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - Section 109 of Title 1 of Housing and Community Development Act of 1974

A

prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color national origin, sex, and religion in any program or activity funded in whole or in part under title 1 of the community development act of 1974

35
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Housing Fundamentals - HUDs Rental Assistance Demonstration Program 2012

A

HUD RAD allows public housing authorities to convert a portion of their traditional, project-based housing to project-based voucher (PBV) or project-based rental assistance (PBRA) units.

This allows for housing authorities the ability to borrow private funds to repair those units

36
Q

Fundamental Legal Principles and Statutory Basis of Planning/Police Power - What is it

A

basis for land use planning authority in US

delegated by state to local governments (counties and municipalities) which most frequently exercise police power in land-use planning matters

different than eminent domain, under authority of police power, private property isn’t entitled to compensation

Relevant Law Cases” Village of Euclid, Ohio v Amber Realty Co in 1926

37
Q

Property Rights Law Cases - Hadacheck V Sebastian (1915)

A

court held an ordinance that prohibited production of bricks didn’t deprive petitioner of his property without due process of law, or deny him equal protection of laws

38
Q

Property Rights Law Cases - Welch v Swasey 1909

A

Supreme Court first approved building height controls, court deferred to policee powers of local municipality

39
Q

Property Rights Law Cases - Eubank v City of Richmond (1912)

A

Supreme Court approved setback regulations

40
Q

Property Rights Law Cases - Moore v City of East Cleveland (1977)

A

housing ordinance limited occupancy of a dwelling unit to members of a single family. court held ordinance violated residential rights and constituted a taking of property without just compensation

41
Q

Eminent Domain Law Cases - Kohl v United States (1875)

A

court ruled federal government could, with just compensation, seize private property within the states to build a post office

42
Q

Eminent Domain Law Cases - Berman v Parker (1954)

A

Supreme Court expanded definition of “public use” to include “public purpose”

court ruled government could transfer property from one private property to another as part of a redevelopment plan

43
Q

Eminent Domain Law Cases - Penn Central V New York City (1978)

A

penn central transportation company wanted to build office tower above terminal to make money

city landmark preservation committee rule that it couldn’t because it would alter existing landmark too much

Penn said this constituted a taking

court disagreed, said that taking occurs only when current use of property is damaged

44
Q

Eminent Domain Law Cases - Kelo v City of New London (2005)

A

city authorized use of eminent domain to revitalize its distressed economy

city council allowed a private nonprofit to exercise eminent domain

court allowed

45
Q

Eminent Domain Law Cases - Penn East Pipeline Co LLC v New Jersey (2021)

A

Supreme Court affirmed right of a pipeline company to use eminent domain powers grantee under natural gas act to seize state owned lands for private development

ruling reaffirmed states cannot preemptively acquire land to block interstate pipeline projects

46
Q

Planning Theory - Public Interest Theory

A

public interest is defined as “objective of duly authorized governments carrying out activities necessary to the welfare of the community”

47
Q

Planning Theory - Rational Comprehensive Approach

A

five stages
1-definition of problems and opportunities
2-identification of alternatives
3-evaluation of alternatives
4-implementation
5-monitoring

48
Q

Planning Theory - Incrementalism

A

Lindblom

criticism of rational in 1950s led to

Muddling Through

practical planning required decisions to be made incrementally. choosing from small number of policy approaches

49
Q

Planning Theory - Advocacy Planning

A

Paul Davidoff

various interest groups, planners play role of advocates

50
Q

Planning Theory - Equity Planning

A

a framework in which urban planners working within government use their research, analytical and organizing skills to influence opinion, mobilize underrepresented constituencies, and advocate for policies and programs

51
Q

ADA

A

passed in 1990
requires facilities must be accessible to the public, including public housing
civil rights law that provides similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as Civil Rights act of 1964 did.
Unlike civil rights act, ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodation to employees with disabilities

52
Q

HOPE VI

A

launched in 1992
5 billion program public housing policy

replaces distressed public housing projects with redesigned mixed income housing and provides housing vouchers

53
Q

Spatial Justice

A

how our cities are organized has a significant bearing on whether people have access to what they need

54
Q

History of Planning /

A

AICP (22 decks)

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